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921.
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James Fielding Smith 《Public Budgeting & Finance》1999,19(3):3-15
PBB is more vulnerable to threats from fraud, falsification, and misrepresentation than were previous budgeting systems Vulnerability grows from complexity, dependence on performance data, year-to-year changes in strategic focus, and the great expansion of the numbers of kinds of specialists involved in the process It appears to grow out of PBB's widely recognized benefits Transparency has been put forward as the primary protective device against threats to PBB; however, this has problems with both definition and operationalization. The fix may be a number of coordinated measures, most importantly the inculcation of sound ethical standards throughout an organization using PBB 相似文献
923.
The policy brief is an innovative and underutilised form of teaching, learning and assessment which provides undergraduate students with practical skills that translate directly into the workplace. This alternative to standard essays also challenges students to expand their research, writing and presentation skills. Further pedagogical advantages include assisting students in building personal development portfolios, improving internship programmes and making it difficult to plagiarise. International relations and political science curricula in the UK would benefit from the wider use of this tool. 相似文献
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James J. Sadkovich 《欧亚研究》2009,61(3):519-534
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Malitta Engstrom Nabila El-Bassel Hyun Go Louisa Gilbert 《Journal of family violence》2008,23(7):605-617
Women in substance use treatment report rates of childhood sexual abuse and intimate partner violence that far exceed those
reported by women in the general population. Previous research with nonrandom samples of women in substance use treatment
suggests that there is a statistically significant relationship between childhood sexual abuse and intimate partner violence;
however, little is known about the mechanisms of risk between these two public health concerns among this population of women.
To address this gap in knowledge and to inform intervention strategies, this study examined direct and mediated relationships
between childhood sexual abuse and intimate partner violence risk among a random sample of 416 women in methadone treatment.
In addition to high rates of childhood sexual abuse (57.9%), intimate partner violence (lifetime prevalence, 89.7%; 6-month
prevalence, 78.4%), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD, 28.6%), and global psychological distress (19.5%), findings suggest
that the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and intimate partner violence is mediated by mental health problems and
that women experiencing PTSD or global psychological distress are 2.7 and 2.4 times more likely to experience intimate partner
violence than women without such experiences, respectively. Although not a mediator in this relationship, financial independence
reduced women's risk of partner violence by two-thirds. The paper includes discussion of social learning and stress and coping theories to explicate the findings and to inform intervention
strategies.
This study is based, in part, on the first author's dissertation. A previous version of this paper was presented at the Society
for Social Work and Research Annual Conference held in January 2005 in New Orleans, Louisiana. The following grants provided
funding for this study: R01DA11027 and 3T32MH014623-22S1. 相似文献
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