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191.
Jan Teorell 《Scandinavian political studies》2003,26(1):49-66
That organizational involvement has a positive impact on political action is a well‐established finding in empirical research around the world. To account for this, theorists since Tocqueville have pointed to the returns in human capital, in particular ‘civic skills’, yielded by associations. This article, by contrast, is a study of whether social capital theory can help explain the same effect. According to the logic of ‘weak ties’, organizational involvement provides bridging social capital by connecting the individual to a wider range of people. As a result, the input of requests for participation increases and this ultimately leads to more activity. Unspecified in this argument, however, is what aspect of associational memberships is most conducive to such weak ties: the sheer number of memberships, or the extent to which one's memberships provide links to people of dissimilar social origin. In an unprecedented empirical test based on survey data from Sweden in 1997, it is shown that being connected to multiple voluntary associations is what matters for political activity, not the extent to which one's memberships cut across social cleavages. Moreover, the social capital mechanism of recruitment is more important in explaining this effect than the human capital mechanism of civic skills, since the former can account for why even passive members, not just organizational activists, may become more prone to take political action. 相似文献
192.
This article examines how migrants settled and formed families in two Swedish towns—Linköping and Sundsvall—with different occupational structures during industrialization. Sex- and socio-economic differentials in the rural–urban and urban–urban migration are discussed, as well as persistence rates in the new urban environment among different social groups. Analysis of in-migration and marriage patterns shows that social and geographical endogamy are equally significant in the two towns. Migrants tended primarily to marry migrants and town-born primarily to marry town-born. Moreover, relatively closed marriage boundaries were found among the in-migrants: those that came from an urban background tended to find an “urban partner.” 相似文献
193.
Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have attracted great attention from researchers and practitioners and have opened up a broad range of beneficial opportunities for AI usage in the public sector. Against this background, there is an emerging need for a holistic understanding of the range and impact of AI-based applications and associated challenges. However, previous research considers AI applications and challenges only in isolation and fragmentarily. Given the lack of a comprehensive overview of AI-based applications and challenges for the public sector, our conceptual approach analyzes and compiles relevant insights from scientific literature to provide an integrative overview of AI applications and related challenges. Our results suggest 10 AI application areas, describing their value creation and functioning as well as specific public use cases. In addition, we identify four major dimensions of AI challenges. We finally discuss our findings, deriving implications for theory and practice and providing suggestions for future research. 相似文献
194.
Raposa Elizabeth B. Rhodes Jean Stams Geert Jan J. M. Card Noel Burton Samantha Schwartz Sarah Sykes Laura A. Yoviene Kanchewa Stella Kupersmidt Janis Hussain Saida 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2019,48(3):423-443
Journal of Youth and Adolescence - Mentoring programs, which pair youth with caring, non-parental adults with the goal of promoting positive youth development, are an increasingly popular strategy... 相似文献
195.
Jan Breman 《The Journal of peasant studies》2013,40(1):5-36
This article examines the dilemmas faced when pursuing fieldwork in rural India‐and, by extension, in the rural areas of any poor country ‐ in circumstances of sharp opposition between dominant and subaltern classes. Such research is all too likely to be geared to the concerns of dominant classes. The author has conducted extensive research, as a participant observer, in the Indian state of Gujarat, and has concentrated upon the poor, and especially upon agricultural labourers and rural migrant labour. He here considers the extreme difficulties associated with research which takes subordinate classes as its focus. When introductions take place via the locally powerful, such research faces formidable obstacles: both because of the mistrust of the poor and the opposition of dominant classes. The problems he himself has faced and his own research procedures are discussed in detail. From these certain general methodological lessons are drawn. 相似文献
196.
Mary Ellen Mark's photographic collection Twins (2003) raises provocative questions about performance, contingency and the relativity of difference, self and other. Her images complicate notions of individuality and foundational difference and challenge both self-recognition and recognition by others. They require viewers to observe closely, to spend time studying her subjects and to address the relativity—sometimes the radical relativity—of difference but also of sameness. Difficult questions about where ‘you’ end and ‘I’ begin are raised. Though Twins contains images of fraternal twins and triplets, Mark's subjects are, overwhelmingly, identical twins. She usually photographs them standing together, dressed in precisely the same way, in carefully constructed poses. This recreates the carnivalesque, performative aspect of Twins Day, held each year in Twinsburg, Ohio, in which the fact of being a twin (or in some cases triplet) is affirmed. Some identical twins choose to represent themselves as twins rather than solely as individuals, or as siblings who are also twins, in order to test out the limits of individuality. Here, I consider the ways in which such a chosen celebratory representation challenges different ways in which identical twins have been conceived of, which emphasise instead alterity and uncanniness. 相似文献
197.
Jan Douwe van der Ploeg 《The Journal of peasant studies》2018,45(3):489-524
There is a long-standing debate about the nature, impact and significance of processes of differentiation in driving agricultural development. This contribution discusses three ways in which such processes have been conceptualized: modernization theories that put markets centre stage, Marxist theories that focus on class, and Chayanovian approaches that highlight the dynamics within farming families. The empirical evidence for testing these concepts is normally derived from agricultural censuses. This paper uses a different database that covers all Dutch farms between 1980 and 2006 and enables us to follow the changes on individual farms. Examination of this data reveals that the actual processes of differentiation that have occurred in this 25-year period differ greatly from the classic conceptualizations. It also challenges the conventional wisdom that agricultural development is mostly driven by larger farms. 相似文献
198.
Parental Smoking-specific Communication,Adolescents’ Smoking Behavior and Friendship Selection 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rebecca N. H. de Leeuw Ron H. J. Scholte Zeena Harakeh Jan F. J. van Leeuwe Rutger C. M. E. Engels 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2008,37(10):1229-1241
In this study, we investigated whether parental smoking-specific communication is related to adolescents’ friendship-selection
processes. Furthermore, we investigated whether adolescents and their best friends influence each other over time, and what
role parents play in this process. In the present study we used data from the Family and Health project in which at baseline
428 full families participated. In this 2-year, three-wave longitudinal study data were available from fathers, mothers, early
adolescents (aged M = 13.4 years, SD = .50), and middle adolescents (aged M = 15.2 years, SD = .60). The majority of the participating adolescents were of Dutch origin (>95%). There was an almost equal distribution
of boys and girls, and adolescents with lower, middle, and higher educational levels were equally represented. Analyses were
conducted by means of Structural Equation Modeling. Results demonstrate that a high quality of the smoking-specific communication
is related to a lower likelihood of adolescent smoking, whereas the frequency is positively associated with adolescent smoking.
Both the quality and frequency of parental smoking-specific communication were related to adolescents’ selective affiliation
with (non-)smoking friends. The findings suggest that parental smoking-specific communication is associated with adolescent
smoking directly but also indirectly by influencing the friends the adolescents will associate with.
Rebecca N. H. de Leeuw is a Ph.D. student at the Behavioural Science Institute. Her research interests include familial influences on adolescent smoking behavior. Ron H. J. Scholte, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor at the Behavioural Science Institute. His research interests include peer influences on adolescent behavior, specifically on bullying and substance use. Zeena Harakeh, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor at the University of Utrecht. Her research interests include social influences on smoking behavior among adolescents and young adults. Jan F. J. van Leeuwe, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor at the Behavioural Science Institute. He is an expert on complex multivariate analyses. Rutger C. M. E. Engels, Ph.D., is full professor at the Behavioural Science Institute. His research interests include social influences and the development of problem behavior among adolescents and young adults. 相似文献
Rebecca N. H. de LeeuwEmail: |
Rebecca N. H. de Leeuw is a Ph.D. student at the Behavioural Science Institute. Her research interests include familial influences on adolescent smoking behavior. Ron H. J. Scholte, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor at the Behavioural Science Institute. His research interests include peer influences on adolescent behavior, specifically on bullying and substance use. Zeena Harakeh, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor at the University of Utrecht. Her research interests include social influences on smoking behavior among adolescents and young adults. Jan F. J. van Leeuwe, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor at the Behavioural Science Institute. He is an expert on complex multivariate analyses. Rutger C. M. E. Engels, Ph.D., is full professor at the Behavioural Science Institute. His research interests include social influences and the development of problem behavior among adolescents and young adults. 相似文献
199.
Jan Zápal 《Public Choice》2017,173(1-2):169-200
The paper analyzes the problem of a committee chair using favors at her disposal to maximize the likelihood that her proposal gains committee support. The favors increase the probability of a given member approving the chair’s proposal via a smooth voting function. The decision-making protocol is any quota voting rule. The paper characterizes the optimal allocation of any given level of favors and the optimal expenditure-minimizing level of favors. The optimal allocation divides favors uniformly among a coalition of the committee members. At a low level of favors, the coalition comprises all committee members. At a high level, it is the minimum winning coalition. The optimal expenditure level guarantees the chair certain support of the minimum winning coalition if favors are abundant and uncertain support of all committee members if favors are scarce; elitist or egalitarian committees are compatible with a strategic chair. The results are robust to changing the chair’s objectives and to alternative voting functions, and reconcile theoretical predictions with empirical observations about legislative bargaining experiments, lobby vote buying and executive lawmaking. 相似文献
200.
Jan Kleinnijenhuis Jasper van de Pol Anita van Hoof 《Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties》2017,27(1):75-96
ABSTRACTRecent studies show that using Voting Advice Applications (VAAs) affects party preferences of voters, and hence leads to party switching. Party switching is a necessary but insufficient condition for volatility (a net switch of voters to other parties) and fragmentation (more parties gaining seats) at the aggregate level of electoral constituencies. The research question addressed here is whether the availability of VAAs in electoral constituencies weakens or strengthens trends towards greater volatility and fragmentation as observed in western democracies in the last decades. The data come from 380 Dutch municipalities during the 2014 Dutch municipal council elections. In 133 of them a VAA was available. Using a moderated mediation model that controls for the municipal self-selection of a VAA, we find that a VAA by itself leads to higher levels of volatility and fragmentation. However, VAA availability has a dampening effect in municipal constituencies with characteristics (e.g. population size, ethnic diversity, young average age) that would otherwise make them more susceptible and prone to volatility and fragmentation. 相似文献