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Alcohol has been the most important knockout drug in history and literature and continues to play an essential role up to now. Blunt force to the head in the form of a knockout punch is another mechanism leading to a transient loss of consciousness. Diethyl ether and chloroform are among the classical knockout substances. Although they have meanwhile been replaced by modern sedatives and hypnotics, their use is still observed in isolated cases. 相似文献
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To what extent can the decline of class voting in the Netherlands be explained by sociological factors (compositional changes, the evolution of the class structure and economic progressivism) and political factors (a party-merger and changing party positions)? Multinomial logit (MNP) and conditional logit (CL) are employed using the Dutch Parliamentary Election Studies (1971–2006) and data of the Comparative Manifesto Project. We find that the rise of the class of social-cultural specialists is important for understanding changes in the class–vote relationship. Surprisingly, the impact of economic progressivism became more important for left-wing voting. Finally, although there seems to be a clear relation between party positions and the strength of class-based voting, the party positions hardly explain the assumed linear decline in class-based voting. 相似文献
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Patient Confidentiality and the Surrogate's Right to Know 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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This paper examines the competing claims on land use resulting from the expansion of biofuel production. Sugarcane for biofuel drives agrarian change in So Paulo state, which has become the major ethanol-producing region in Brazil. We analyse how the expansion of sugarcane-based ethanol in So Paulo state has impacted dairy and beef production. Historical changes in land use, production technologies, and product and land prices are described, as well as how these are linked to changing policies in Brazil. We argue that sugarcane/biofuel expansion should be understood in the context of the dynamics of other agricultural sectors and the long-term national political economy rather than as solely due to recent global demand for biofuel. This argument is based on a meticulous analysis of changes in three important sectors - sugarcane, dairy farming, and beef production - and the mutual interactions between these sectors. 相似文献
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Nationality swapping in sports is commonly assumed to be a rapidly expanding practice that is indicative of the marketization of citizenship. Sports are said to have become wholesale markets in which talent is being traded for citizenship. In this article, we seek to empirically explore such claims by analysing 167 athletes who have competed for two different countries in the Summer Olympic Games. It seems that most switches occurred after the 1990s. Then, following a citizenship as a claims-making approach, we introduce the work of Bourdieu so as to connect citizenship as both legal status and practice with normative claims. The analysis reveals that the practice of nationality switching is shaped by structural conditions of the Olympic field. First, a complex realm of citizenship laws and regulations produces conditions under which athletes make legitimate claims to citizenship. Second, through a mechanism of reverberative causation, prior migrations are often echoed in contemporary nationality swapping . Only a limited number of athletes acquired citizenship via the explicit market principle we call jus talenti. Claiming that instrumental nationality swapping is indicative of the marketization of citizenship obscures the complex interplay between structures of and practices within the Olympic field. 相似文献
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Frederik E. Jansen Gerben J. N. Bruinsma 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》1997,5(4):85-98
Conclusions Recent criminological research in the Netherlands underscores the fact that organized crime is embedded in society and the
overall picture makes it clear that police emphasis on a crime fighting model of the police, based solely on criminal law
will not be entirely effective. Therefore, the Twente police force developed a new strategy of policing organized crime in
their region. This strategy is based on criminological knowledge and on the approach of community policing: preventive, pro-active
and integrated actions taken by various partners of the police in order to reduce illegal activities of organized crime groups.
This strategy, however, can only succeed when two conditions are satisfied. First, this approach can only function in an open
democratic society in which numerous public and private organizations and the public feel responsible for the emergence of
organized crime in their environment. Secondly, the police force and their partners must be (relatively) free of corruption.
This implies that this strategy can only be effective in societies in which organized crime has not deeply penetrated democratic
institutions and business organizations.
Respectively Commissioner of Police and head of the Division Organized Crime of the Twente Police force and Professor of criminology
and director of the International Police Institute (IPIT) at the University of Twente. PO Box 217, 7500 EA Enschede, The Netherlands.
We would like to thank Alexis Aronowitz of the IPIT for her comments on an earlier draft of this paper and for her grammatical
corrections, as well as the members of the editorial committee for their suggestions for improvements. 相似文献
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Stephanie Chan Majeed Khader Jansen Ang Jeffery Chin Whistine Chai 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2016,31(3):165-172
The detection of deception is an essential yet challenging component of investigative interviewing. Behavioural cues to deception in particular, have long been used in investigative interviewing contexts to determine decisions of suspect veracity and deceit. Nevertheless, deception research amongst non-American or European populations has yet to fully explore the effectiveness of such non-verbal observations. This study may be the first to examine truth-lie behaviours involving South-East Asian participants. In this study conducted in Singapore, 68 participants completed either a mock criminal task or a non-criminal task, before encountering an investigative interviewing scenario in which they had to lie or tell the truth to the interviewer. The results showed that liars displayed significantly more head movements and less hand/finger movements, as well as reported more feelings of guilt, than truth-tellers. Implications for investigator training and criminal investigative procedures are discussed. 相似文献