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31.
We present a game theoretic analysis of the prevention of noncompliance that deals with treaty violations whether they are intentional or not. Game theorists have developed probabilistic trigger schemes to handle such situations. We analyze dispute resolution procedures in subgame perfect trigger terms and suggest alternative designs for the handling of signatory breach. This paper shows that designs can be compared directly by evaluating their ability to keep signatories close to the cooperative goal in the long run. This criterion enables us to highlight the merits of generosity and redress for dispute resolution. Generosity avoids retaliation with certainty so that parties can settle before any retaliatory action is implemented. But if retaliation does come to pass, it is the cost to the victim of punishing the perpetrator that determines a design's value. Using a simple repeated prisoner's dilemma framework we find that, in most circumstances, a subgame perfect design that adds concern for the injured party's redress to the generosity built into a probabilistic trigger scheme yields better treaty value. 相似文献
32.
Fleeing persecution in 615, the disciples and followers of Prophet Muhammad found refuge in Africa. In this “First Hijrah,” or migration, they had escaped Mecca and sought safety in Aksum (now northern Ethiopia and Eritrea), the land of an African Christian king. It was a crucial moment in the development of Islam. Africa, a place of many religions, was seen, rightly, as a safe haven.Like Islam, Christianity had faced opposition and persecution in its early years. The practitioners of both religions knew firsthand what it meant to suffer violence from those who disagreed. How can it be that religions born of persecution are now themselves used for extreme violence? And why, specifically, in Africa today? How can Africans prevent and fight against extremism and what can we all learn from this experience? 相似文献