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181.
Trust and reciprocity are theoretically essential to strong democracies and efficient markets. Working from the theoretical frameworks of social identity and cognitive heuristics, this study draws on dual-process models of decision making to expect (1) the trustor to infer trustworthiness from partisan stereotypes and thus to discriminate trust in favor of co-partisans and against rival partisans, but (2) the trustee to base reciprocity decisions on real information about the trustor’s deservingness rather than a partisan stereotype. So whereas partisanship is likely to trigger trust biases, the trust decision itself provides enough information to override partisan biases in reciprocity. The analysis derives from a modified trust game experiment. Overall, the results suggest partisanship biases trust decisions among partisans, and the degree of partisan trust bias is consistent with expectations from both social identity theory and cognitive heuristics. When it comes to reciprocity, however, information about the other subject’s level of trust nullifies partisan bias. 相似文献
182.
Watson AC Ottati VC Draine J Morabito M 《International journal of law and psychiatry》2011,34(4):287-294
The goals of Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) programs include improving safety during encounters between police and persons with mental illnesses, diverting persons with mental illnesses away from the criminal justice system, and increasing referral and access to mental health services. CIT is a systemic intervention, and as such, its implementation and effectiveness are influenced by existing practices and infrastructures. However, little research has considered the context in which CIT programs are implemented. In this paper, we present research on CIT in four Chicago police districts that vary in terms of two contextual factors hypothesized to influence the impact of CIT training on how calls involving persons with mental illnesses are resolved. Using data from 112 patrol officers in four Chicago police districts, we consider the impact of mental health services availability and CIT saturation (the percentage of district personnel that are CIT certified). Findings indicate that CIT training increased direction to mental health services primarily in districts with greater availability of mental health services. In districts with low service availability, higher CIT saturation increased direction to mental services. The opposite pattern emerged for contact only or informal call resolution. No effects were found for arrest as a call outcome. 相似文献
183.
The emotions shame and guilt may represent a critical stepping stone in the rehabilitation process. Often referred to as "moral" emotions owing to their presumed role in promoting altruistic behavior and inhibiting antisocial behaviors, shame and guilt provide potentially exciting points of intervention with offenders. In this article, we describe current psychological theory and research that underscores important differences between shame and guilt. We note parallels between psychologists' conceptions of guilt and shame, and criminologists' conceptions of reintegrative and disintegrative shaming. We summarize recent research investigating the implications of these moral emotions for criminal and risky behavior, with special emphasis on the handful of studies conducted with actual offenders. We conclude with a discussion of implications for treatment in criminal justice settings. 相似文献
184.
Laura Banks Lorna Bigsby Maureen Conroyd Cynthia First Celia Griffin Billie Grissom Brad Lancaster Deb Millar Anne Perry Kevin Scudder Jeff Shushan 《Family Court Review》2011,49(2):249-256
This article describes the development of a practice group based on a hunter‐gatherer model, with the mission of providing high quality collaborative divorce services, with an emphasis on protecting children and divorcing partners, and expanding access to middle‐ and lower‐income families. The practice group professional disciplines include law, mental health divorce coaching, co‐parent coaching, financial analysis, and case administration. These professionals have collectively associated their individual practices to address challenges facing their collaborative practices. With common purpose, the practice group builds skills, generates client base, nurtures trust, and lays a common knowledge base. Collaborative divorce teams formed from its members serve divorcing families with efficient, cost‐conscious, interest‐based negotiation processes that protect children and help parties productively move on with their lives. 相似文献
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Experts play a critical role in forensic decision making, even when cognition is offloaded and distributed between human and machine. In this paper, we investigated the impact of using Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) on human decision makers. We provided 3680 AFIS lists (a total of 55,200 comparisons) to 23 latent fingerprint examiners as part of their normal casework. We manipulated the position of the matching print in the AFIS list. The data showed that latent fingerprint examiners were affected by the position of the matching print in terms of false exclusions and false inconclusives. Furthermore, the data showed that false identification errors were more likely at the top of the list and that such errors occurred even when the correct match was present further down the list. These effects need to be studied and considered carefully, so as to optimize human decision making when using technologies such as AFIS. 相似文献
187.
This study took advantage of the new open-source Extremist Crime Database (ECDB) to overcome obstacles to studying domestic
far-right terrorism from a criminological perspective. In the past, exclusive definitions and inclusion criteria have limited
available data on violent crimes committed by domestic far-right terrorists, and official data on violent crimes fail to capture
offenders’ links to domestic far-right terrorism and ideological motivation (e.g., anti-government, anti-abortion, anti-religion).
Therefore, little is known about the nature of far-right terrorist violence and how such violence is similar to and different
from routine or more common forms of violence. Focusing on homicides, this study addressed why and how open-source terrorism
data and official crime data can be comparatively analyzed. In doing so, we also demonstrate the utility of synthesizing terrorism
and official crime data sources. Data on 108 far-right terrorist homicides were taken from the ECDB. Data on 540 common homicides
(five comparison homicides for each far-right terrorist homicide) were randomly sampled from the 2000 Supplementary Homicide
Reports. Using multiple imputation by chained equations and logistic regression, we imputed missing values and estimated models
to compare the two homicide types on 12 different victim, offender, and event characteristics. Relative to common homicides,
we found that far-right terrorist homicides were significantly more likely to have white offenders, multiple victims, multiple
offenders, and to occur between strangers, and they were significantly less likely to have white victims, to be carried out
with a firearm, and to occur in cities with more than 100,000 residents. 相似文献
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