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201.
202.
Managing incidental findings in human subjects research: analysis and recommendations. 总被引:8,自引:8,他引:0
Susan M Wolf Frances P Lawrenz Charles A Nelson Jeffrey P Kahn Mildred K Cho Ellen Wright Clayton Joel G Fletcher Michael K Georgieff Dale Hammerschmidt Kathy Hudson Judy Illes Vivek Kapur Moira A Keane Barbara A Koenig Bonnie S Leroy Elizabeth G McFarland Jordan Paradise Lisa S Parker Sharon F Terry Brian Van Ness Benjamin S Wilfond 《The Journal of law, medicine & ethics》2008,36(2):219-48, 211
No consensus yet exists on how to handle incidental findings (IFs) in human subjects research. Yet empirical studies document IFs in a wide range of research studies, where IFs are findings beyond the aims of the study that are of potential health or reproductive importance to the individual research participant. This paper reports recommendations of a two-year project group funded by NIH to study how to manage IFs in genetic and genomic research, as well as imaging research. We conclude that researchers have an obligation to address the possibility of discovering IFs in their protocol and communications with the IRB, and in their consent forms and communications with research participants. Researchers should establish a pathway for handling IFs and communicate that to the IRB and research participants. We recommend a pathway and categorize IFs into those that must be disclosed to research participants, those that may be disclosed, and those that should not be disclosed. 相似文献
203.
204.
Although India is a major supplier of licit (i.e., legally grown) opium, it is also a leading producer of illicit (i.e., illegally
grown) opium. To learn who might be involved in both types of production, the researchers interviewed 50 licensed opium farmers
in Madhya Pradesh. Those interviews covered, among other aspects, farmers’ opium use, community attitudes towards addiction
and trafficking, and knowledge of government-set opium prices and regulations. In general, some of those interviewed outlined
both informal social controls and shunning, used against rural addicts, and support, even if grudgingly given, for government
regulation. Those same interviews, however, revealed evidence of important social/economic changes that are undercutting the
limited efficacy of extant formal controls in curtailing opium use, addiction, and trafficking. 相似文献
205.
206.
Legal context: This article discusses the move from ex officio refusal of trademark applications based on relative grounds, to a notificationregime. The order making power for this derives from Section8 of the Trade Marks Act 1994. Owners of qualifying earlier registered rights, in respect ofwhich registration of the subject application would be consideredto lead to a likelihood of confusion, will be notified of thelater subject application, and must decide for themselves whetherto oppose. Key points: The article examines the justification for such a shift, interms of the need for a proper evidence and submission basedevaluation of the respective marks, as well as the need to takeall market factors into account in any evaluation. It also addressesthe legal and cultural shift entailed in such a change. Finally,the article attempts to set out three objective measures bywhich an evaluation of success could be measured. Practical significance: The change will affect all those who already have, or will have,registered trade mark rights in the UK. The author's concernin particular is for those who will be receiving notificationletters and what their response might be - given that many willbe unrepresented. The author also believes that more notificationswill be sent out than marks that are currently cited. 相似文献
207.
208.
Angela Martin Crowly James Rauch Susanne Seagrave David A. Smith 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》1998,33(2):30-57
For more than two decades, economists and sociologists have pursued parallel cross-national quantitative investigations of
the determinants of economic development. These investigations have proceeded in mutual ignorance despite the often large
overlap in statistical methods and data employed. Apparently contradictory findings have resulted, especially regarding the
impacts of international trade and foreign direct investment. We find that there are two factors that account for these inconsistent
results. One key factor is the use of different variables to measure international trade and investment, the choice of which
is in turn driven by underlying differences in theoretical motivations. A second important difference involves sociologists’
greater preoccupation with more complex multivariate models versus economists’ greater willingness to focus on individual
variables in multivariate regressions while viewing others as “controls.” A major finding of our survey is that when thesame variables are used, the results of economists and sociologists tend to be consistent, rather than contradictory (as might
have occurred, for example, because of the use of different samples of countries or time periods, or the use of other variables
included in the regression equations). We also consider some studies whose purviews go beyond economic growth to consider
factors such as income inequality, physical quality of life, demographic change, and basic needs provisioning.
Angela Martin Crowly is at the Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92717. James
Rauch is at the department of Economics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.
Susanna Seagrave is at the U.S. General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. 20548.
David A. Smith is at the Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92717. 相似文献
209.
Detection of cocaine metabolite in perspiration stain, menstrual bloodstain, and hair 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Low nanogram and picogram quantities of cocaine metabolite equivalents were detected in extracts from perspiration stains, menstrual bloodstains, and hair using radioimmunoassay. The theory of drug inclusion in hair and its significance are discussed. 相似文献
210.
J J Kuhlman R W Mayes B Levine R Jones G N Wagner M L Smith 《Journal of forensic sciences》1991,36(5):1572-1579
Chloroquine concentrations in blood and tissues were examined in overdose and non-overdose cases to determine appropriate ranges for interpretation. Twenty-nine literature overdose cases and 8 non-overdose literature cases were compared with this laboratory's findings. The results indicate significant postmortem redistribution of chloroquine. Combining this laboratory's results and the literature results indicates that using a liver concentration of 150 mg/kg as a cutoff between overdose and non-overdose concentrations properly identified 30 of the 34 published cases containing liver chloroquine and 19 of the 20 presented cases. 相似文献