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141.
Credible commitment without independent regulatory agent: Evidence from the Security Council's United Nations Compensation Commission
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Credible commitment problems arise whenever decisions made according to short‐term incentives undermine long‐term policy goals. While political actors can credibly commit themselves to their long‐term policy goals by delegating decisions to independent regulatory agencies, the member states of international institutions rarely sacrifice control over regulatory decisions. Against the backdrop of the United Nations Compensation Commission established by the Security Council to settle claims on damage from the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, we present an institutional arrangement that promises to credibly commit member states to their previously defined interests without excluding them from the decision process. It separates the stages of rulemaking and rule application, and is reinforced by conditional agenda‐setting of an advisory body. We probe the theoretical claim with evidence from a unique data set that shows that the Commission settled compensation claims in a remarkably consistent way. The arrangement provides a blueprint for comparable regulatory tasks in many areas of international, European, or domestic politics, in which independent regulation is not feasible. 相似文献
142.
Rachel A. Vaughn-Coaxum Yan Wang Jenna Kiely John R. Weisz Erin C. Dunn 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2018,47(4):842-858
The development of adolescents’ coping in response to stress is critical for adaptive functioning; these coping strategies may be shaped by numerous environmental factors during childhood, including experiences such as exposure to trauma. Childhood trauma has been shown to undermine contemporaneous coping, but how does a history of exposure to trauma and the characteristics of that trauma (type, timing, and accumulation) relate to current coping among adolescents? We addressed this question using a nationally-representative sample of 9427 adolescents (ages 13–18; 48.9% female; 66% White). Adolescents reported on their lifetime exposure to 18 different traumas, including witnessing or experiencing interpersonal violence, accidents, disasters, and violent or accidental loss of loved ones, as well as their current use of coping behaviors when under stress (problem-focused, positive emotion-focused, and negative emotion-focused coping strategies). The study’s results highlight that exposure to nearly all forms of trauma was unrelated to problem-focused and positive emotion-focused coping behaviors, but strongly associated with increased negative emotion-focused coping. Use of each coping style did not vary with age at first exposure to trauma, but increased with the number of lifetime traumatic events experienced. The findings suggest that the extent of prior exposure to trauma, including variations across type and timing, may be related to a particular form of coping that has been linked to increased risk for mental health problems. Study results highlight coping strategies as a potential target for prevention and treatment efforts, and indicate a need to better understand the malleability and trajectory of coping responses to stress for promoting healthy youth development. 相似文献
143.
Organized Activity Participation and Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms: Reciprocal Relations during Adolescence 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
The aim of this prospective study was to examine the relations between organized activity involvement and internalizing and
externalizing symptoms across four years of high school. Participants were 240 adolescents who varied in their risk for psychopathology.
Information about adolescents’ activity involvement and internalizing and externalizing symptoms were provided by both self-
and mother-reports. Structural equation modeling revealed that the prospective models fit the data well. In addition to showing
that activity involvement and psychopathology were quite stable over the high school years, we found reciprocal effects for
activity involvement and internalizing symptoms at some, although not all, time points. Specifically, controlling for prior
symptoms and risk (i.e., maternal depression history), more activity involvement in tenth grade predicted fewer internalizing
symptoms in eleventh grade, which then predicted more activity involvement in twelfth grade. No reciprocal relations were
found for externalizing problems. These findings highlight the importance of examining internalizing symptoms as both a predictor
and outcome of activity involvement during adolescence.
Amy M. Bohnert Ph.D. is an assistant professor in the Department of Psychology at Loyola University Chicago. Her research focuses on predictors and outcomes of involvement in various after-school contexts, especially organized extracurricular activities. Peter Kane Ph.D. is an assistant professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine. His research interests include developmental sequelae of high-risk offspring of depressed parents and the role of interpersonal conflict in adolescent psychopathology. Judy Garber Ph.D. is a professor in Psychology and Human Development at Vanderbilt University. Her research focuses on the etiology, course, outcome, treatment, and prevention of depression in children and adolescents. 相似文献
Amy M. BohnertEmail: |
Amy M. Bohnert Ph.D. is an assistant professor in the Department of Psychology at Loyola University Chicago. Her research focuses on predictors and outcomes of involvement in various after-school contexts, especially organized extracurricular activities. Peter Kane Ph.D. is an assistant professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine. His research interests include developmental sequelae of high-risk offspring of depressed parents and the role of interpersonal conflict in adolescent psychopathology. Judy Garber Ph.D. is a professor in Psychology and Human Development at Vanderbilt University. Her research focuses on the etiology, course, outcome, treatment, and prevention of depression in children and adolescents. 相似文献
144.
In Spring 2007 as part of its ongoing anticorruption efforts, the PRC announced the establishment of a new organization called
the “National Corruption Prevention Bureau” (NCPB). The article first examines the origins of the NCPB and its position in
the current Chinese anticorruption regime. The NCPB will concentrate primarily on information collection and coordination
work. Given these goals, This article examines the organization’s potential for improving work in three areas related to information
collection and coordination; increased oversight of the private sector, improving information quality and dissemination, and
strengthening routine anticorruption activities. The final section examines potential problems that will likely limit the
ability of this new organization to improve anticorruption work, such as the possibility of increasing complexity within the
anticorruption system, and the NCPB’s limited independence from the agencies it seeks to coordinate.
相似文献
Jeffrey BeckerEmail: |
145.
146.
This article analyses the current knowledge about corruption and its legal consequences among university students. Based on data from 1,511 undergraduate and graduate students from all academic disciplines at four major universities in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, it appears that the majority of students have difficulty identifying corrupt behaviour and its legal consequences. Law students achieve slightly better results. However, even law students demonstrate a significant lack of knowledge of corruption issues. In particular, most of the students are unaware that corruption that occurs abroad can also be prosecuted in Switzerland. The limited knowledge among students regarding corruption and its legal consequences as identified in this study suggests that the teaching and study of anti-corruption-related subjects should be better integrated into the curricula of universities and business schools. 相似文献
147.
Scholars do not usually test for the duration of the effects of mass communication, but when they do, they typically find rapid decay. Persuasive impact may end almost as soon as communication ends. Why so much decay? Does mass communication produce any long-term effects? How should this decay color our understanding of the effects of mass communication? We examine these questions with data from the effects of advertising in the 2000 presidential election and 2006 subnational elections, but argue that our model and results are broadly applicable within the field of political communication. We find that the bulk of the persuasive impact of advertising decays quickly, but that some effect in the presidential campaign endures for at least 6 weeks. These results, which are similar in rolling cross-section survey data and county-level data on actual presidential vote, appear to reflect a mix of memory-based processing (whose effects last only as long as short-term memory lasts) and online processing (whose effects are more durable). Finally, we find that immediate effects of advertising are larger in subnational than presidential elections, but decay more quickly and more completely. [Supplementary material is available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Political Communication for the following free supplemental resource(s): discussion of methodological issues; results for a alternative specifications of key models; full reports of model results.] 相似文献
148.
Jenna Fierstein 《环境索赔杂志》2017,29(2):87-96
Environmental insurance policies exclude undisclosed known pollution conditions. Litigation on the applicability of provisions defining known conditions suggests that policyholders: (1) should aim to avoid ambiguity; (2) carefully review applications before signing; (3) properly disclose facts; (4) clarify knowledge of confirmed releases; and (5) understand the need for and impact of further investigation based on consultant recommendations. 相似文献
149.
150.
James Cunningham Paul O’Reilly Conor O’Kane Vincent Mangematin 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2014,39(1):93-110
Securing public funding to conduct research and leading it by being a principal investigator (PI) is seen as significant career development step. Such a role brings professional prestige but also new responsibilities beyond research leadership to research management. If public funding brings financial and infrastructure support, little is understood about the inhibiting factors that publicly funded PIs face given the research autonomy offered by publicly funded research. Our study finds that there are three key PI inhibiting factors (1) political and environmental, (2) institutional and (3) project based. Traditional knowledge, skills and technical know-how of publicly funded PIs are insufficient to deal with the increasing managerial demands and expectations i.e. growing external bureaucracy of public funding agencies. Public funding is no longer the ‘freest form of support’ as suggested by Chubin and Hackett (Peerless science: peer review and US science policy. Suny Press, New York, 1990) and the inhibiting factors experienced by publicly funded PIs limits their research autonomy. We also argue that PIs have little influence in overcoming these inhibiting factors despite their central role in conducting publicly funded research. 相似文献