GANG MEMBERSHIP AS A TURNING POINT IN THE LIFE COURSE*

Gang‐involved youth are disproportionately involved in criminal behavior, especially violence. The processes accounting for this enhanced illegal activity, however, remain speculative. Employing a life‐course perspective, we propose that gang membership can be conceptualized as a turning point in the lives of youth and is thus associated with changes in emotions, attitudes, and routine activities, which, in turn, increase illegal activity. Using prospective data from a multisite sample of more than 1,400 youth, the findings suggest that the onset of gang membership is associated with a substantial change in emotions, attitudes, and social controls conducive to delinquency and partially mediate the impact of gang membership on delinquent activity. Desistance from gangs, however, was not associated with similar systematic changes in these constructs, including delinquent involvement.     

Human dental age estimation by calculation of pulp-tooth volume ratios yielded on clinically acquired cone beam computed tomography images of monoradicular teeth

Abstract: Secondary dentine is responsible for a decrease in the volume of the dental pulp cavity with aging. The aim of this study is to evaluate a human dental age estimation method based on the ratio between the volume of the pulp and the volume of its corresponding tooth, calculated on clinically taken cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images from monoradicular teeth. On the 3D images of 111 clinically obtained CBCT images (Scanora^®3D dental cone beam unit) of 57 female and 54 male patients ranging in age between 10 and 65 years, the pulp–tooth volume ratio of 64 incisors, 32 canines, and 15 premolars was calculated with Simplant^® Pro software. A linear regression model was fit with age as dependent variable and ratio as predictor, allowing for interactions of specific gender or tooth type. The obtained pulp–tooth volume ratios were the strongest related to age on incisors.     

Normale Bodenbeschaffenheit als stillschweigend zugesagte,vom Gewährleistungsausschluss nicht erfasste Eigenschaft

Beim Erwerb eines Einfamilienhauses ohne Hinweis auf eine besondere Bodenbeschaffenheit kann im Allgemeinen ein natürlich gewachsener Untergrund erwartet werden (hier: Bau auf einer mit Bauschutt angefüllten ehemaligen Schottergrube). Die Reichweite eines vertraglichen Gew?hrleistungsverzichts ist durch Auslegung zu ermitteln. Auf das Fehlen einer auch nur schlüssig zugesicherten Eigenschaft erstreckt sich selbst ein umfassender Gew?hrleistungsverzicht nicht. Ohne Darlegung besonders berücksichtigungswürdiger Verk?uferinteressen besteht für eine Preisminderung nach der relativen Berechnungsmethode keine Untergrenze mit dem Verkehrswert des mangelhaften Objekts.     

Thesen zur praktischen Handhabung des "Transparenzgebots" (§ 6 Abs 3 KSchG)

Das "Transparenzgebot" des § 6 Abs 3 KSchG spielt in der Rechtsprechung des Obersten Gerichtshofs bei der Kontrolle von AGB-Klauseln nicht zuletzt im Verbandsprozess (§ 28 KSchG) eine gro?e Rolle. Die angelegten Ma?st?be sind streng; vieles f?llt dem Verdikt der Intransparenz zum Opfer. Im folgenden Beitrag werden einige praktisch handhabbare Ans?tze zu einer sachgerechten Konkretisierung des Verst?ndlichkeits- und Klarheitsgebots pr?sentiert, die manche Einseitigkeit zu vermeiden suchen.     

Von öffentlichen Äußerungen des Übergebers abweichende Vereinbarungen / gewöhnlich vorausgesetzte Eigenschaften von umfassendem Gewährleistungsausschluss erfasst

Ob die Sache dem Vertrag entspricht, ist gem § 922 Abs 2 ABGB auch nach den ?ffentlichen (Werbe-)?u?erungen des übergebers (hier: Internetinserat) zu beurteilen, die in die Vertragsauslegung miteinflie?en. Die Parteien k?nnen aber letztlich von ?ffentlichen Ankündigungen des übergebers abweichende Vereinbarungen treffen. Ein umfassender Gew?hrleistungsausschluss erstreckt sich grunds?tzlich auch auf geheime M?ngel und solche M?ngel, die normalerweise vorausgesetzte Eigenschaften betreffen. Allerdings sind Verzichtserkl?rungen im Zweifel restriktiv auszulegen. In diesem Sinn erstreckt sich ein vertraglicher Gew?hrleistungsverzicht weder auf arglistig verschwiegene M?ngel noch auf das Fehlen zugesicherter Eigenschaften.     

Prevalence and correlates of physical spousal violence against women in slum and nonslum areas of urban Bangladesh

This study explores the prevalence and correlates of past-year physical violence against women in slum and nonslum areas of urban Bangladesh. The authors use multivariate logistic regression to analyze data from the 2006 Urban Health Survey, a population-based survey of 9,122 currently married women aged between 15 and 49 who were selected using a multistage cluster sampling design. The prevalence of reported past-year physical spousal violence is 31%. Prevalence of past-year physical spousal violence is higher in slums (35%) than in nonslums (20%). Slapping/arm-twisting and pushing/shaking/ throwing something at the women are the most commonly reported acts of physical abuse. Multivariate analysis shows that the risk of physical spousal abuse is lower among older women, women with post-primary education, and those belonging to rich households and women whose husbands considered their opinion in decision making. Women are at higher risk of abuse if they had many children, believe that married woman should work if the husband is not making enough money, and approve wife-beating norms. This study serves to confirm the commonness of physical spousal abuse in urban Bangladesh, demonstrating the seriousness of this multifaceted phenomenon as a social and public health issue. The present findings suggest the need for comprehensive prevention and intervention strategies that capitalize on the interplay of individual and sociocultural factors that cause physical spousal violence. Our study adds to a growing literature documenting domestic violence against women in urban areas of developing south Asian nations.     

The Figuring of Morality in Adjudication: Not so Special?*

Jurisprudential debate about the grounds of law often focuses on the status of morality. Given the undoubted fact of judicial engagement with morality in legal reasoning, the key question is whether morality legitimately counts as a ground of law. This article seeks to challenge the special status accorded to morality in debates about the grounds of law. The claim I seek to advance is that very often judicial engagement with morality is not different in kind to judicial engagement with other diverse objects of legal reasoning. What the comparison tends to show is that instances of “moral reasoning” in law do not obviously challenge our account of the grounds of law. Rather these instances can be viewed as central case examples of legal reasoning. Conventional grounds of law are left untouched.