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91.
The Silence of the Lambdas: Deterring Incapacitation Research 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This essay provides an economist’s perspective on criminological research into incapacitation effects on crime. Our central
argument is that criminologists would do well to substantially scale back the enterprise of trying to estimate the various
behavioral parameters central to a micro-level approach to measuring incapacitation effects, including the annual rate of
offending outside of prison (λ) and the lengths of criminal careers. One problem with this line of research is practical:
for example, mean estimates of self-reported criminal activity by incarcerated prisoners are quite sensitive to reports by
the most criminally active offenders. But the larger concern is conceptual—the incapacitation effects from a given change
in sentencing policy may be undermined by the possibility of replacement effects, and at the same time omit other benefits
that may arise from deterrent effects on crime. A more promising approach is to identify plausibly exogenous changes in sentencing
policy in order to estimate the net impact on crime from the combined effects of incapacitation, deterrence and replacement.
相似文献
Jens LudwigEmail: |
92.
Asia Europe Journal - To address environmental problems, efforts to green financial systems are proliferating across the globe. However, green finance policy approaches differ substantially and in... 相似文献
93.
Intense turbulence means that parameters change, interdependencies unexpectedly become critical, and public organizations experience unpredictable tempo shifts. Existing studies have explored how public managers can exercise leadership specifically aimed at obtaining dynamic resilience, but more knowledge about leadership and turbulence intensity is needed. Combining existing theoretical knowledge about robust governance in turbulent times and in-depth analysis of 31 interviews, we examine how public managers exercise professional development leadership in situations where events, demands, and support interact in variable, inconsistent, unexpected, and unpredictable ways. We find it highly relevant for public managers to both develop and (de)activate professional norms and knowledge in such situations, implying that professional development leadership is important in turbulent times. 相似文献
94.
Most itemized tax exemptions lead to significant deductions for a minority of the population only. This raises the question why the majority does not vote for the abolition of these tax privileges in exchange for lower tax rates. In this paper we show that a reform proposal may be voted down, even when the majority uses the exemption at stake below the average. Turning to an empirical application, we simulate the voting outcome on the proposal to abolish the tax deductibility of commuting expenses in Germany. Our model predicts that this proposal would be rejected, even though a comfortable majority has below-average deductions. 相似文献
95.
Jens Greve 《Berliner Journal für Soziologie》2012,22(3):385-405
Relational views often are considered as an alternative to individualistic social theory. Based on the debate about collective intentionality the contribution argues that relationalism and reductive individualism do not necessarily contradict each other. Reductionist approaches assume that only individuals can be considered as carriers of collective intentionality, whereas non-reductionist approaches assume either collective subjects or the network of individual intentions as carriers. The latter position contradicts reductionism only if it is claimed that the network does not only depend on the individual contributions but also on the relatedness as such. The article demonstrates that a critique of solipsistic individualism, as given by John R. Searle, does not necessarily lead to the claim that the relationship as such is to be understood as the carrier of collective intentionality. The results of the developmental studies by Michael Tomasello also support an individualistic position according to which collective intentionality has to be conceptualized as a conjunction of complex individual orientations. 相似文献
96.
97.
Charles Ogoye-Ndegwa Domnic Abudho Jens Aagaard-Hansen 《Development in Practice》2002,12(3-4):449-460
The integration of learning into community development processes and how that learning can stimulate positive change pose challenges that development practitioners have met with mixed success. Who the most effective change agents are, how they can be supported, and how their efforts can be diffused in the community and scaled up are key questions in the community development literature. The authors designed and implemented an action-research project in western Kenya on traditional vegetables, recruiting pupils as co-researchers. The purpose of the research was two-fold. One goal was to explore the feasibility of increasing the intake of traditional vegetables through a school-based horticulture programme. The other was to increase pupils' competence as effective change agents by empowering them in culturally compatible ways. The results offer lessons for practitioners regarding creative means to identify and empower change agents within traditional organisations and encourage innovative creation and diffusion of knowledge. 相似文献
98.
This article uses social network data to study the integration of local elites in four Swedish municipalities. Four research questions are asked. First: How integrated are the elites? While the results modify the picture that there are two rather distinct elites in Sweden – that is, a political elite dominated by the labour movement and an economic elite dominated by business and the large business organizations – it is interesting to note that integration between elite spheres is lowest for the relation between politicians and business representatives. To a considerable degree, integration between political and economic elites is indirect, mediated through the administrative elite. The second question is: Are the inner elite circles dominated by the political, economic or administrative elite? The study indicates that local elites in Sweden are strongly dominated by political elites, and also by administrative elites. This is reassuring, since it would indicate a democratic deficit if the structural power of decision making in municipalities resided predominantly in economic actors and administrators. The third question is: What is the role of friendship relations in creating elite integration? The study indicates that private relations among elites both reinforce professional networks and extend them in important ways. The final question is: Is elite integration contingent on political stability and/or the structure of local business? The results are surprisingly stable across the four municipalities, even though the largest distinction was found between elite core and periphery in the politically most stable municipality, which was also the one with the lowest economic diversity. 相似文献
99.
On the Validity of the Regression Discontinuity Design for Estimating Electoral Effects: New Evidence from Over 40,000 Close Races 下载免费PDF全文
Andrew C. Eggers Anthony Fowler Jens Hainmueller Andrew B. Hall James M. Snyder Jr. 《American journal of political science》2015,59(1):259-274
The regression discontinuity (RD) design is a valuable tool for identifying electoral effects, but this design is only effective when relevant actors do not have precise control over election results. Several recent papers contend that such precise control is possible in large elections, pointing out that the incumbent party is more likely to win very close elections in the United States House of Representatives in recent periods. In this article, we examine whether similar patterns occur in other electoral settings, including the U.S. House in other time periods, statewide, state legislative, and mayoral races in the U.S. and national or local elections in nine other countries. No other case exhibits this pattern. We also cast doubt on suggested explanations for incumbent success in close House races. We conclude that the assumptions behind the RD design are likely to be met in a wide variety of electoral settings and offer a set of best practices for RD researchers going forward. 相似文献
100.
When Politics Matters: The Impact of Politicians' and Bureaucrats' Preferences on Salient and Nonsalient Policy Areas 下载免费PDF全文
For three decades, the “politics matters” literature has found that political ideology is an important explanation of public policy. However, this literature systematically fails to include the influence of the bureaucracy. In fact, it is almost impossible to identify a single study in this literature that controls for the influence of the permanent bureaucracy. In this article, we investigate whether politics still matters when bureaucratic preferences are taken into account. We do this in a simultaneous test of political and bureaucratic influences on public budgets, a policy measure often studied in the “politics matters” literature. We find that political preferences trump bureaucratic ones in policy areas salient to the public but not in less salient areas. This might be comforting news from a democratic perspective. However, as public budgets represent an easy case for political influence, it is food for thought that political preferences do not always prevail. 相似文献