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363.
Both substance use and obesity are prevalent among youth. As youth age, substance use rates increase and over the past three
decades, obesity rates among youth have tripled. While these two factors have both short- and long-term health impacts, little
research has explored how substance use and obesity among youth may be related. This study explores the bi-directional longitudinal
relationships between substance use and body composition. Participants (N = 704; 50.7% female) were mostly white (86.4%) with
a baseline mean age of 14.7 years. Objectively measured body composition was used to calculate body mass index z-scores (BMI
z-score) and percent body fat. Cross-lagged structural equation models, accounting for clustering at the school level, were
run to determine the longitudinal association between body composition and self-reported substance use (alcohol, cigarette,
and marijuana), adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics, pubertal status, and weight satisfaction. Baseline alcohol
use predicted decreased BMI z-score at follow-up and a similar association with percent body fat approached significance.
Baseline cigarette use predicted increased percent body fat. No longitudinal associations were seen between baseline body
composition and future substance use. Our results suggest that substance use contributes to subsequent body composition; however,
body composition does not contribute to subsequent substance use. Continued research that explores these relationships longitudinally
is greatly needed. 相似文献
364.
From 2000-2005, Somerville, MA, experienced a number of youth overdoses and suicides. The community response followed CDC recommendations for contagion containment. A community coalition, Somerville Cares About Prevention, became a pivotal convener of community partners and a local research organization, the Institute for Community Health, provided needed expertise in surveillance and analysis. Mayoral leadership provided the impetus for action while community activists connected those at risk with mental health resources. Using a variety of data sources (including death certificates, youth risk surveys, 911 call data, and hospital discharges) overdose and suicide activity were monitored. Rates of suicide and overdose for 10-24-year-olds were higher than in previous years. Using case investigation methods, the majority of suicide victims were found to be linked through common peer groups and substance abuse. Subsequent community action steps included: a community-based trauma response team, improved media relationships, focus groups for suicide survivors, and prevention trainings to community stakeholders. Youth suicide and overdose activity subsided in May of 2005. The community partnerships were critical elements for developing a response to this public health crisis. This collaborative approach to suicide contagion used existing resources and provides important lessons learned for other communities facing similar circumstances. 相似文献
365.
Jessica Woodhams Matthew Tonkin Amy Burrell Hanne Imre Jan M. Winter Eva K. M. Lam Gert Jan ten Brinke Mark Webb Gerard Labuschagne Craig Bennell Leah Ashmore-Hills Jasper van der Kemp Sami Lipponen Tom Pakkanen Lee Rainbow C. Gabrielle Salfati Pekka Santtila 《Legal and Criminological Psychology》2019,24(1):123-140
366.
Why do local officials in an authoritarian bureaucracy experiment with policy, even when directed not to do so by central‐level officials? This study suggests that policy experimentation in this institutional environment can best be understood as an interaction between the structure in which local officials are embedded and individual‐level personality attributes. Leveraging a new data set from a series of original surveys with local policy makers in mainland China, conducted between 2016 and 2018, we discern three baseline personality types: authoritarian, consultative, and entrepreneurial. We thereafter examine the individual‐level characteristics of local officials who will innovate irrespective of a centralization of bureaucratic power and interests, as currently experienced under Chinese President Xi Jinping. We find that local policy makers engage in policy innovation when they are more focused on resolving governance problems and that increased risk reduces but does not eliminate their willingness to innovate. Based on these findings, we contend that future studies of policy innovation should use an evolutionary framework to examine the interaction between preferences and selection pressures. 相似文献
367.
This article examines how a politics of speed is manifest in a legal context via a detailed ethnography of the French National Court of Asylum (CNDA). It identifies the temporal, spatial, and organizational ordering techniques that characterize asylum appeals in France and discusses the consequences of these techniques for the way in which the appeal process is experienced by legal decision makers and subjects. It reveals adverse impacts of legal quickening on legal quality, in particular through identifying: ‘cracks’ in the performance of legal roles like lawyer and judge that begin to appear when law is executed rapidly and repetitively; dwindling opportunities to demonstrate and experience respect between parties; and the ‘thinning-out’ of legal process, as heuristics rather than deliberation come to dominate legal reasoning. The article contributes to a burgeoning body of socio-legal literature on law and time by establishing the negative impact of excessive legal quickening on role performance, respect, and legal quality. 相似文献
368.
Jessica Gottlieb 《American journal of political science》2016,60(1):143-157
I argue that if citizens systematically underestimate what their government can and should do for them, then they will hold politicians to a lower standard and sanction poor performers less often. A field experiment across 95 localities in Mali in which randomly assigned localities receive a civics course identifies the effect of raising voter expectations of government on their willingness to hold leaders accountable. The course provides information about local government capacity and responsibility as well as how local politicians perform relative to others, effectively raising voter expectations of what local governments can and should do. Survey experiments among individuals in treated and control communities (N = 5,560) suggest that people in treated villages are indeed more likely to sanction poor performers and vote based on performance more often. A behavioral outcome—the likelihood that villagers challenge local leaders at a town hall meeting—adds external validity to survey findings. 相似文献
369.
Jessica Schroers 《International Review of Law, Computers & Technology》2019,33(2):211-223
ABSTRACTSocial login is the use of a social network account to get access to other services. Since the internet in its architecture does not have the possibility to identify the internet user, for many services, social logins are the solution to authenticate users without the need to set up individual identity management systems. Social logins are not useful for all types of services, however, and the potential lock-in and lock-out of users needs to be considered. 相似文献
370.