An analytical evaluation of eight on-site oral fluid drug screening devices using laboratory confirmation results from oral fluid

A decaying cadaver emits volatile organic compounds that are used by necrophilous and necrophagous insects in order to find their brood substrate. Although volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are released by carcasses have been identified, little is known about the specific compounds that are used by these insects while searching for a brood substrate. Therefore, we have investigated the chemical ecology involved in the attraction of the necrophagous hide beetle Dermestes maculatus, which feeds as an adult and larva upon decomposing carcasses. Our aims have been to identify the responsible compounds in the odours of the carcass that are important for the attraction of the beetles. Furthermore, we have studied sex- and age-related differences in beetle attraction and tested whether the hide beetle can distinguish between various stages of decomposition by means of the emitted odours. Headspace collection of volatiles released from piglet carcasses (bloated stage, post-bloating stage, advanced decay and dry remains), coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and bioassays were conducted to identify the volatiles responsible for the attraction of the beetles. Freshly emerged male beetles were attracted by the odour of piglets in the post-bloating stage (9 days after death; T(mean) = 27 °C) and the EAD-active compound benzyl butyrate. Statistical analysis revealed a higher relative proportion of benzyl butyrate in the odour bouquet of the post-bloating stage in comparison with the other stages. We therefore conclude that this compound plays an important role in the attraction of hide beetles to carcass odour. This underlines the potential use of D. maculatus for the estimation of the post mortem interval. The decomposition stage at which the female beetles are attracted to the odour of a cadaver remains unknown, as does the nature of this attraction. Pheromones (sexual or aggregation pheromones) might play an essential role correlated with their attraction to carrion and consequently with their attraction to the substrate for mating and ovipositioning.     

论其他承担行政任务的组织

在现代西方国家,在传统的行政机关之外存在其他承担行政任务的组织,如公法人或公共机构甚至私法组织。在中国,有一些非行政机关或行政机构的事业单位和社会团体,由法律、法规授权或由行政机关委托,也承担一定的管理职能。对行政机关以外的其他承担行政任务的组织进行比较和分析,具有重要意义。     

对强戒人员回归社会“无缝对接”的思考

解除强制隔离戒毒的人员返回社会后,常常面临社会不认可、家庭不接纳、工作无着落、生活无来源、交往无朋友的尴尬局面,不能顺利融入社会,由于自身素质较低及复杂的社会原因,外界的因素极易诱发他们复吸和重新违法犯罪,形成社会治安中新的不安全、不稳定因素。如何搞好强戒人员回归社会的＂无缝对接＂,最大限度地预防和减少复吸和重新违法犯罪率,具有重大的社会现实意义,     

特殊痕迹在侦查破案中的作用

特殊痕迹是除手印、足迹、工具痕迹、枪弹痕迹外的其他痕迹的统称。特殊痕迹有以下类别:牙齿痕迹、车轮与牲畜痕迹、纺织品痕迹、玻璃破碎痕迹、整体分离痕迹和开锁及破坏锁痕迹。特殊痕迹在侦查破案中的作用有:推断留痕客体种类,缩小侦查范围;分析判断留痕客体的属性,提供追踪线索;认定痕迹客体,提供破案证据;研究痕迹形成机理,分析确定案件事实。     

不完全行为能力人侵权责任构成之检讨

依立法者原意,我国侵权责任法第32条第2款系规定被监护人对受害人的无过错责任,且排除责任能力制度的引入。但此种规定过于偏惠受害人,对被监护人不公,不利于未成年人保护,与同法第33条发生评价上矛盾,与比较法上认识不合,实为法政策上失误。故应采客观解释,认为该款仅规制监护人与被监护人之间的内部求偿关系,被监护人责任之构成,则应适用第6条第1款之一般过错责任。至于责任能力制度之阙如,可以过错概念之操作暂时弥补其不足。监护人责任之基础,在于监护义务之违反,性质上属于自己责任、独立责任。监护人责任之构成适用第32条第1款之无过错责任,悖于立法目的,且与同法第9条第2款发生评价上之矛盾,自立法论而言,以改采过错推定为宜。解释论上,只能充分利用同条第1款后段之责任减轻规范,扩张监护人之责任阻却事由,对"行为人致人损害"要件作严格认定(尤其是要求行为人须具备客观过错),稍作弥补。此外,无论是监护人还是被监护人,都可能依特定要件,向受害人承担同法第24条之公平责任。在对受害人之关系上,监护人与被监护人承担连带责任。     

Correlates of handgun carrying among adolescents in the United States

Weapon-related violence, especially the use of handguns, among adolescents is a serious public health concern. Using public-use data file from the adolescent sample (N = 17,842) in the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study examines the behavioral, parental involvement, and prevention correlates of handgun carrying. Overall, 3.1% of adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 reported carrying a handgun in the past year. Results from a series of logistic regression models indicated that males, selling and using illicit drugs, were robustly associated with an increased probability of handgun carrying among adolescents. Furthermore, youth who carry handguns were significantly less likely to report a parent being involved in their lives and were significantly more likely to have encountered violence and drug prevention programming compared with youth who did not carry handguns. Implications of these results for prevention and policy are discussed.     

中国汉族人群17个Y-STR基因座突变情况分析

目的 调查分析17个Y-STR基因座等位基因突变的情况.方法 收集中国汉族人群867对父子共1 649份男性血样本.采用YfilerTM复合扩增试剂盒进行17个Y-STR基因座分型,共检测出14 739次等位基因传递,统计各基因座发生等位基因突变的频率.结果 在17个基因座中发现涉及13个基因座共41次突变,其中一步突变40次(97.6％),两步突变1次(2.4％);突变共涉及40对父子,其中39对仅1个基因座发生突变(97.5％),1对同时有2个基因座发生突变(2.5％);平均突变率为2.8×10-3(95％CI 2.0～3.8×10-3).等位基因突变时获得重复单位数19次,丢失重复单位数22次,两者比例接近.结论 中国汉族人群Y-STR基因座突变可涉及多数基因座,突变率在2.8×10-3左右,在数据库的建立与应用中应重视,注意采用相关方法进行甄别.     

建国初期从严治党的探索与思考

一、坚持把加强党的建设贯穿于领导革命和建设事业的全部过程 历史证明，共产党的领导是中国人民克敌制胜的第一大法宝。加强和改善党的领导是办好中国事情的关键。开国之后，中国共产党坚持把加强党的建设牢牢抓住不放，并且贯穿于领导革命和建设的全部过程，未敢丝毫懈怠。 （一）在历史转折关头，体现了中国共产党抓好自身建设的敏锐性和超前意识。 中国共产党善于从历史的经验中学习。延安整风时期，毛泽东就将郭沫若论李自成的《甲申三百年祭》印发高级干部．告戒全党从李自成的失败中引以为戒。在党的七届二中全会的报告中，毛泽东代…     

审理新闻官司应注重主观方面的考察——兼论舆论监督的司法保护

国内审计新闻官司 ,多强调内容的真实性 ,把新闻工作者与司法判案等同视之 ,极大地限制了舆论监督 ,作者认为应以被告的主观恶意为主 ,以创造宽松的舆论监督环境     

消费决策生态化刍议

本文对国家消费决策定义为:消费决策是国家宏观经济决策的一个重要组成部分,是国家基于一定经济发展要求和对消费机制正常运行规律的客观认识,制定的旨在寻求并决定涉及消费问题的最优化目标和行动方案.消费决策是国家制定消费政策的基础.科学的消费决策有利于国民经济健康、快速地发展.然而,从当前的客观经济事实出发,要求国家决策部门将生态化意识纳入到消费决策的过程中去,旨在全面贯彻落实科学发展观的基本要求.因而,消费决策生态化是促进经济社会发展以及解决人与自然之间矛盾的重要途径,也是建设生态文明的题中之义.