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991.
The present paper addresses the philosophical problem raised by current causal neurochemical models of impulsive violence and aggression: to what extent can we hold violent criminal offenders responsible for their conduct if that conduct is the result of deterministic biochemical processes in the brain. This question is currently receiving a great deal of attention among neuroscientists, legal scholars and philosophers. We examine our current knowledge of neuroscience to assess the possible roles of deterministic factors which induce impulsive aggression, and the extent to which this behavior can be controlled by neural conditioning mechanisms. Neural conditioning mechanisms, we suggest, may underlie what we consider the basis of responsible (though not necessarily moral) behavior: the capacity to give and take reasons. The models we first examine are based in part upon the role played by the neurotransmitter, serotonin, in the regulation of violence and aggression. Collectively, these results would appear to argue in favor of the view that low brain serotonin levels induce impulsive aggression which overrides mechanisms related to rational decision making processes. We next present an account of responsibility as based on the capacity to exercise a certain kind of reason-responsive control over one's conduct. The problem with such accounts of responsibility, however, is that they fail to specify a neurobiological realization of such mechanisms of control. We present a neurobiological, and weakly determinist, framework for understanding how persons can exercise guidance control over their conduct. This framework is based upon classical conditioning of neurons in the prefrontal cortex that allow for a decision making mechanism that provides for prefrontal cortical control of the sites in the brain which express aggressive behavior that include the hypothalamus and midbrain periaqueductal gray. The authors support the view that, in many circumstances, neural conditioning mechanisms provide the basis for the control of human aggression in spite of the presence of brain serotonin levels that might otherwise favor the expression of impulsive aggressive behavior. Indeed if those neural conditioning mechanisms underlie the human capacity to exercise control, they may be the neural realization of reason-responsiveness generally. 相似文献
992.
John M. Collins 《Law and Philosophy》2011,30(6):645-684
I argue that the dispute between two leading theories of interpretation of legal texts, textual originalism and textual evolutionism,
depends on the false presupposition that changes in the way a word is used necessarily require a change in the word’s meaning.
Semantic externalism goes a long way towards reconciling these views by showing how a word’s semantic properties can be stable
over time, even through vicissitudes of usage. I argue that temporal externalism can account for even more semantic stability,
however. Temporal externalism is the theory that the content of an utterance at time t may be determined by developments in linguistic usage subsequent to t. If this semantic theory is correct, then the originalist and evolutionist positions effectively collapse. Originalism is
correct in that the original meaning of the text is the meaning that is binding on jurists, but evolutionism is vindicated,
as it is the current practices and standards that determine the meaning the text now has, and has always had. Objections to temporal externalism, and to its application to the interpretation of legal texts, are considered and addressed. 相似文献
993.
994.
The Road Traffic Act 1988 gives police in the United Kingdom the power to seize motor vehicles which they have reasonable grounds for believing are being driven without a valid driver??s licence or motor insurance. Drivers may then have to pay a fee to have their vehicles returned. When exercising this power of seizure, the police may rely on information contained on the Police National Computer (PNC) which is linked to the National Insurance Database (NID). Whilst these databases are undoubtedly invaluable in this endeavour, they are not always accurate, and incidents have occurred whereby motorists who are in fact driving with valid insurance have had their vehicles seized and retained. Focusing on the case of Lisa, whose vehicle was wrongly impounded by Merseyside Police in 2007, and other cases, we explore the legitimacy and legality of such activity. We question both the discretionary power of the police in taking such action, and the validity of their (over) reliance on technology. We posit that the taking of money in cases such as Lisa??s is evidence of the turn within public policing towards marketisation, and consider the capacity for harm to innocent individuals and the implications for justice and fairness. Ultimately, we contend that police accountability is compromised and that a new approach is required. We close the piece with some recommendations for improved police practice. 相似文献
995.
The central theme of this paper is that the phenomenology of perception can contribute to conceptualizing terrorism, in terms
of both a research orientation and policy applications. This means that counter-terrorism needs to be grounded in a holistic
perspective that has meaning from the point of view of those engaged in terrorism. A critique of the “war on terror” counter-terrorism
practices is followed by a discussion of phenomenology and its implications for a holistic perception of counter-terrorism.
Four cases are presented that show how a phenomenological approach can facilitate counter-terrorism study and policy. 相似文献
996.
In forensic evidence, the identification and quantitation of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in "spiked" beverages is challenging. In this report, we present the analysis of common alcoholic beverages found in clubs and bars spiked with gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). Our analysis of the spiked beverages consisted of using (1)H NMR with a water suppression method called Presaturation Utilizing Relaxation Gradients and Echoes (PURGE). The following beverages were analyzed: water, 10% ethanol in water, vodka-cranberry juice, rum and coke, gin and tonic, whisky and diet coke, white wine, red wine, and beer. The PURGE method allowed for the direct identification and quantitation of both compounds in all beverages except red and white wine where small interferences prevented accurate quantitation. The NMR method presented in this paper utilizes PURGE water suppression. Thanks to the use of a capillary internal standard, the method is fast, non-destructive, sensitive and requires no sample preparation which could disrupt the equilibrium between GHB and GBL. 相似文献
997.
Julie J. Jabaley John R. Lutzker Daniel J. Whitaker Shannon Self-Brown 《Journal of family violence》2011,26(5):377-385
Innovative handheld technologies are changing the possibilities for public health interventions. The present research describes a preliminary examination of the iPhone? when used as an assessment tool and an enhancement to an evidence-based, in-home child safety intervention. Three families with young children received an augmented version of the Safety module of SafeCare, a home-visiting child maltreatment prevention program. Specifically, parents were trained to use an iPhone to video rooms in their homes, as well as communicate feedback, logistics, and safety content between the home visitor and parent. The effectiveness of iPhone and video was examined using a multiple baseline design across in-home settings replicated across families. Home hazards were reduced dramatically across rooms and across participants. Face-to-face time of the home visitor was progressively reduced and replaced by video data collection. These data suggest smartphones are promising for data collection and for augmenting face-to-face interactions. Implications for reducing costs as smartphones become increasingly ubiquitous and for engaging and retaining participants are discussed. 相似文献
998.
999.
Parametric insurance is a promising alternative to traditional insurance when it comes to addressing catastrophic weather events and their impact on developing nations. Where available, traditional insurance is expensive and can involve protracted claim adjustment. Parametric insurance, on the other hand, provides coverage monies automatically upon the existence of certain objective weather-related parameters based upon a set formula. This model has been shown to work in the Caribbean Basin, but requires international cooperation in pooling, measuring, and managing risk. The immediate availability of emergency-response funds can be crucial in mitigating the impacts of climate change and related severe weather events. 相似文献
1000.
This study examines how the print media constructs signifiers of safety and danger for women. We analyze 155 news articles
regarding crime and criminal justice from 1970 to 1990 in Chatelaine magazine, a Canadian women’s periodical. Both content
and textual analyses are deployed to evaluate the media representations of crime and their role in facilitating images of
fear and safety. We show that the meanings associated with women’s danger and safety in news narratives are socially constructed
through claims, sources, content and culture. We find that news reporting did not initially incorporate signifiers of fear.
However, crime messages increasingly included images of fear in the later reporting period. We argue that the transformations
surrounding these images and texts are influenced by the rise in neoliberal thought in the 1980s. Our results indicate that
ideological struggles external to the media are crucial to the representation of crime, which ultimately influence signifiers
of danger and safety for women. 相似文献