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921.
John Nalbandian 《Public administration review》2004,64(2):200-208
This study examines the different attitudes of newly elected officials and senior incumbents on variables that are considered to be the building blocks of the relationship between local elected officials and professional civil service staff: council respect for the city's professional staff; a clear understanding of the roles of council and the staff; and the governing body's commitment towards working as a group and toward consensus. Governing body members who have served for eight or more years show greater respect for staff, have greater role understanding, and value teamwork among their colleagues more than their newly elected counterparts. While there are differences, the attitudes of long-term officials appear to change little while in office. They enter office with the building blocks of their own success. These findings are based on a cross-sectional and modest longitudinal survey research design, supplemented by in-depth interviews. 相似文献
922.
John Barratt 《The Modern law review》2006,69(4):514-542
Public, as distinct from charitable, trusts were authoritatively recognised in 1827, when the House of Lords determined that the permanent basis of equitable jurisdiction protected 'public money' from unlawful application, on the same basis as charitable funds were protected. These trusts made the relevant public functionaries subject to equitable remedies, but the remedies were displaced from equitable practice by jurisdictional fusion and by administrative audit surcharges. In the twentieth century they survived unrecognised in the ambiguously phrased 'local authority fiduciary duty to ratepayers'. Recently, public trusts have again been implicitly acknowledged, and the distinctive remedy of personal liability to make good loss arising from misapplication has been applied. However the right to litigate is confined to current fund-holders in fulfilment of their protective trust duty and to the Attorney General in the general public interest in countering unlawful appropriations of public money. 相似文献
923.
John A. Vasquez 《国际研究季刊》2004,48(1):1-28
What factors increase the probability that a pair of states might go to war is the focus of this study. Six hypotheses, derived from the steps to war explanation, are tested by comparing pairs of states that go to war with each other at least once in their history (from 1816 to 1992) with those that do not. It is found that as two states take the various steps to war that have been posited, the higher their probability of going to war. States whose relations are dominated by territorial disputes have a higher probability of having had a war if both sides have had outside allies, have had recurring territorial disputes, have been engaged in an enduring rivalry, and have had an arms race. As each of these factors becomes present, the probability of war progressively increases. Pairs of states whose relations are dominated by nonterritorial disputes also have their probability of war increased if these factors are present, but at a lower level. Of the various factors that increase the probability of war, outside politically relevant alliances seem to have the weakest impact. 相似文献
924.
John Parkinson 《Public administration》2004,82(2):377-395
A number of organizations in Britain's National Health Service (NHS) have been experimenting with 'deliberative' techniques of citizen involvement, techniques that were designed with democratic imperatives in mind. However, political practices are moulded by their institutional settings and the goals of their proponents, so it is unlikely that they have been left 'pure' following their encounter with public management imperatives.
This paper offers an explanation for the interest in deliberative processes in the NHS by comparing deliberative and public management imperatives, as well as discussing more case-specific motivations, drawing on interviews with health policy actors between May and July 2001. I then use those insights to highlight gaps between the deliberative ideal and deliberative practice, showing what has been gained and what has been lost in the encounter between deliberative democracy and new public managers. 相似文献
This paper offers an explanation for the interest in deliberative processes in the NHS by comparing deliberative and public management imperatives, as well as discussing more case-specific motivations, drawing on interviews with health policy actors between May and July 2001. I then use those insights to highlight gaps between the deliberative ideal and deliberative practice, showing what has been gained and what has been lost in the encounter between deliberative democracy and new public managers. 相似文献
925.
926.
This report assesses conditions that contribute to or are potentially hospitable to transnational criminal activity and terrorist
activity in selected regions of the world during the period 1999–2002. Although the focus of the report is on transnational
activity, domestic criminal activity is recognized as a key foundation for transnational crime, especially as the forces of
globalization intensify.
The report has been arranged geographically into the following major headings: Africa, the former Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Western Europe, and the Western Hemisphere. Within the geographical headings, the report
addresses individual countries with particularly salient conditions. Cases such as the Triborder Area (TBA) of South America
and East and West Africa, where conditions largely overlap national borders, have been treated as regions rather than by imposing
an artificial delineation by country. The bibliography has been divided into the same geographical headings as the text.
The major sources for this report are recent periodical reports from Western and regional sources, Internet sites offering
credible recent information, selected recent monographs, and personal communications with regional experts. Treatment of individual
countries varies according to the extent and seriousness of conditions under study. Thus some countries in a region are not
discussed, and others are discussed only from the perspective of one or two pertinent activities or conditions. Because they
border the United States, Canada and Mexico have received especially extensive treatment. 相似文献
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