This article reviews basic insights about compliance and "hard" enforcement that can be derived from various non-cooperative
equilibrium concepts, and evaluates the Marrakesh Accords in light of these insights. Five different notions of equilibrium
are considered – the Nash equilibrium, the subgame perfect equilibrium, the renegotiation proof equilibrium, the coalition
proof equilibrium, and the perfect Bayesian equilibrium. These various types of equilibrium have a number of implications
for effective enforcement: (1) Consequences of non-compliance should be more than proportionate. (2) Punishment needs to take
place on the Pareto frontier, rather than by reversion to some suboptimal state. (3) An effective enforcement system must
be able to curb collective as well as individual incentives to cheat. (4) A fully transparent enforcement regime is not unconditionally
a good thing. It is concluded that constructing an effective system for "hard" enforcement of the Kyoto Protocol is a formidable
task that has only partially been accomplished by the Marrakesh Accords. In practice, however, the design of the compliance
system for the climate regime had to balance a desire to minimize non-compliance against other important goals, including
the need for due process. 相似文献
Word Processing for Solicitors, Kevin Townsend and Kate Taphouse, Gower Publishing, 1983 £12.50
Computer Law, Colin Tapper, Longman, London and New York, 1983 Third Edition, £9.50
Understanding Computer Contracts, Martin Edwards, Waterlow Publishers, 1983 £6.50
Data Protection: Perspectives on Information Privacy, Edited by Colin Bourn & John Benyon, Department of Adult Education, University of Leicester, 1983 £5
The Computer in Court, Alistair Kelman and Richard Sizer, Gower Publishing Company, 1982 £15.50
Principles of Database Systems, Jeffrey D Ullman, Pitman Publishing Ltd, 1982 Second Edition £13.95
Computers and the Law Teacher, A report of the proceedings of a conference held at North Staffordshire Polytechnic, Edited by David V Marshall, North Staffordshire Polytechnic, 1983 £3 相似文献
Scholarship on democratic responsiveness focuses on whether political outcomes reflect public opinion but overlooks attitudes toward how power is used to achieve those policies. We argue that public attitudes toward unilateral action lead to negative evaluations of presidents who exercise unilateral powers and policies achieved through their use. Evidence from two studies supports our argument. In three nationally representative survey experiments conducted across a range of policy domains, we find that the public reacts negatively when policies are achieved through unilateral powers instead of through legislation passed by Congress. We further show these costs are greatest among respondents who support the president's policy goals. In an observational study, we show that attitudes toward unilateral action in the abstract affect how respondents evaluate policies achieved through unilateral action by presidents from Lincoln to Obama. Our results suggest that public opinion may constrain presidents' use of unilateral powers. 相似文献
Since gaining full independence in 1905, Norway has experienced more than a century of democratic elections, and has reformed its electoral system three times, most notably with the switch from a two-round runoff system to proportional representation in 1919. This research note introduces a new dataset featuring all candidates running for parliamentary (Storting) elections from 1906 to 2013, and documents the patterns over time and across electoral systems in the development of the party system; candidates’ gender, age, occupation, and geographic ties; and voter turnout. Scholars interested in using the dataset can gain access to it through the Norwegian Centre for Research Data. 相似文献
This article examines the role of ideological mechanisms in support of long-term economic liberalisation. Specifically we examine the ideological roles of comparative advantage and debt reduction as precursors to austerity policy imposition. Austerity policies, as episodic mechanisms designed to deepen neoliberalisation, are examined in the comparative historical context of Africa and Latin America. 相似文献
In the wake of the “audit revolution” during the 1980s and 1990s, administrative systems across the western world have tended to gradually downplay evaluation as a component of the policy process. At the same time, auditing has dramatically increased in scope and depth, and has also, to some extent, come to fill the role in policymaking previously played by evaluation studies. This article reviews this development from the perspective of policymaking and institutional change or “drift.” Specifically, we look at the types of information and knowledge that are lost and gained as a result of these developments. We apply a cross‐national approach, drawing on the examples from the European and North American contexts. 相似文献
Drawing on Agnew’s general strain theory, we examined whether depressed mood and anger mediated the effects of sexual abuse
on suicidal behavior and delinquency. Participants included 9,113 students attending high schools in Iceland. Structural equation
modeling showed that, while controlling for family structure and parental education, being exposed to strain in the form of
sexual abuse was positively related to both depressed mood and anger. The effects of sexual abuse on suicidal behavior of
both boys and girls were twice as strong through depressed mood as through anger. The effects of sexual abuse on outwardly-directed
forms of delinquency for both genders were stronger through anger than through depressed mood. These findings highlight the
complex nature of the effects of strain on adolescents’ emotions and behavior. Moreover, they show that depression—in contrast
to outwardly-directed delinquency, where feelings of anger are predominantly influential—is more relevant than anger to suicidal
behavior.