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371.
Jon Elster 《Berliner Journal für Soziologie》2005,15(4):495-510
Zusammenfassung Alexis de Tocqueville schrieb über die Demokratie in Amerika, um seine franz?sischen Landsleute davon zu überzeugen, dass
ihre ?ngste vor einer Demokratie nach amerikanischer Art unbegründet seien. Zu diesem Zweck nutzte Tocqueville sowohl Modelle
aus der politischen Psychologie wie solche sozialer Kausalit?t. Letzteren widmet sich der folgende Beitrag, und es sind diese
Modelle kausaler Mechanismen, die über die Demokratie in Amerika auch heute noch lesenswert machen.
Summary Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America was written to persuade his French compatriots that their fears of Americanstyle democracy were ungrounded. In pursuing this end, Tocqueville used a number of models of political psychology and social causality. His marshalling of models of causal mechanisms to persuade his readers is analyzed, the claim being that such an analysis is the primary reason for reading Democracy in America today.
Résumé Alexis de Tocqueville a écrit De la démocratie en Amérique pour convaincre ses compatriotes fran?ais que leurs craintes à l’égard d’une démocratie d’inspiration américaine étaient infondées. A cette fin, Tocqueville a eu recours aussi bien à des modèles issus de la psychologie politique qu’à des modèles de causalité sociale. Le présent article se penche sur ces derniers. Ce sont en effet ces modèles d’explication des mécanismes causaux qui font aujourd’hui encore l’intérêt de De la démocratie en Amérique.相似文献
372.
Jon S. Vernick J.D. M.P.H. Daniel W. Webster Sc.D. M.P.H. Maria T. Bulzacchelli Julie Samia Mair J.D. M.P.H. 《The Journal of law, medicine & ethics》2006,34(4):765-775
Firearms were associated with 30, 136 deaths in the United States in 2003. Most guns are initially sold to the public through a network of retail dealers. Licensed firearm dealers are an important source of guns for criminals and gun traffickers. Just one percent of licensed dealers were responsible for more than half of all guns traced to crime. Federal law makes it difficult for ATF to inspect and revoke the licenses of problem gun dealers. State licensing systems, however, are a greatly under-explored opportunity for firearm dealer oversight. We identify and categorize these state systems to identify opportunities for interventions to prevent problem dealers from supplying guns to criminals, juveniles, or gun traffickers. Just seventeen states license gun dealers. Twenty-three states permit routine inspections of dealers but only two mandate that those inspections occur on a regular basis. Twenty-six states impose record-keeping requirements for gun sales. Only thirteen states require some form of store security measures to minimize firearm theft. We conclude with recommendations for a comprehensive system of state licensing and oversight of gun dealers. Our findings can be useful for the coalition of more than fifty U.S. mayors that recently announced it would work together to combat illegal gun trafficking. 相似文献
373.
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375.
Jon Aarum Andersen 《Public administration review》2010,70(1):131-141
This article aims to find out whether there are behavioral differences between public and private sector managers. Two groups of public managers (managers of social insurance agencies and public school principals) and a group of private managers (two samples) are investigated. Behavioral dimensions are investigated including leadership style (task, relationship, and change orientation), decision‐making style (the functions of sensing, intuition, thinking, and feeling), and motivation profile (achievement, affiliation, and power motivation). An analysis of data from 459 managers in four organizations in Sweden reveal significant differences in behavior between public and private managers. However, no significant differences in leadership behavior are discovered among public managers. Possible explanations for such differences and similarities are explored. 相似文献
376.
Jon S.T. Quah 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2010,53(1):23-54
This article compares the effectiveness of the anti-corruption agencies (ACAs) in four Asian countries: the Corrupt Practices
Investigation Bureau (CPIB) in Singapore, the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) in Hong Kong, the National
Counter Corruption Commission (NCCC) in Thailand, and the Korea Independent Commission Against Corruption (KICAC). The CPIB
and ICAC are more effective than the NCCC and KICAC because of the political will of the governments in Singapore and Hong
Kong and the more favourable policy contexts of these two city-states. The lack of political will in curbing corruption in
Thailand and South Korea is reflected in the fact that the NCCC and KICAC are not as well staffed or funded than the CPIB
and ICAC. Moreover, the KICAC is the weakest of the four ACAs as it does not have the power to investigate corruption cases.
The policy contexts of Thailand and South Korea are less favourable because of their larger populations and land area, and
lower GDP per capita. To avoid institutional failure, ACAs must be supported by their governments in terms of the provision
of adequate personnel and budget. They must also be able to investigate all cases of corruption without any political interference.
The example of the KICAC shows the futility of establishing an ACA without the ability to investigate corruption cases. 相似文献
377.
This study estimates the economic impact of a court ordered cut in water supply resulting from environmental regulations. The objective of the court order was to save the Chinook Salmon which get caught in the pump that is used to distribute the water to farm land. Since the cut would cause major decreases in agriculture production, we used IMPLAN, an input-output model, to measure the multiplier effects on one county's economy due to resulting crop losses. The study estimates total losses in income and jobs when no irrigation water is available from July 15 through November 30 during a typical year. 相似文献
378.
In recent years, alcohol consumption has been considered an important public health problem. Ethanol, the alcohol used in beverages, is a drug that affects the central nervous system (CNS) and impairs driving skills and co-ordination, increasing risk of deaths and injuries derived from crashes and road accidents. Consumption of alcoholic beverages is implicated with premature deaths, injuries and damages caused by motor vehicle crashes, which result in high costs to government and society. Considering that alcohol consumption is the main responsible factor for deaths and disabilities in young people, the aim of this work was to evaluate the prevalence of blood alcohol in offenders and/or fatal and non-fatal victims of traffic occurrences in the region of Ribeir?o Preto, S?o Paulo State, from 2005 to 2007. The results revealed that in 2134 cases investigated, blood alcohol positivity was generally found in young adults, 25-45 years old and male. The study showed the high risk of drinking and driving and the importance in establishing actions of prevention and intervention to promote the reduction in the number of traffic occurrences related to consumption of alcoholic beverages. 相似文献
379.
Schieltz DM McGrath SC McWilliams LG Rees J Bowen MD Kools JJ Dauphin LA Gomez-Saladin E Newton BN Stang HL Vick MJ Thomas J Pirkle JL Barr JR 《Forensic science international》2011,209(1-3):70-79
In late February 2008, law enforcement officials in Las Vegas, Nevada, discovered in a hotel room, a copy of The Anarchist Cookbook, suspected castor beans and a "white powder" thought to be a preparation of ricin. Ricin is a deadly toxin from the seed of the castor bean plant (Ricinus communis). The United States regulates the possession, use, and transfer of ricin and it is the only substance considered a warfare agent in both the Chemical and the Biological Weapons Conventions. Six samples obtained from the hotel room were analyzed by laboratories at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention using a panel of biological and mass spectrometric assays. The biological assays (real time-PCR, time resolved fluorescence and cytotoxicity) provided presumptive evidence of active ricin in each of the samples. This initial screen was followed by an in-depth analysis using a novel, state-of-the-art mass spectrometry-based ricin functional assay and high sensitivity tandem mass spectrometry for protein identification. Mass spectrometric analysis positively identified ricin and confirmed that in each of the samples it was enzymatically active. The tandem mass spectrometry analysis used here is the most selective method available to detect ricin toxin. In each sample, ricin was unequivocally identified along with other R. communis plant proteins, including the highly homologous protein RCA120. Although database searches using tandem mass spectra acquired from the samples indicated that additional controlled substances were not present in these samples, the mass spectrometric results did provide extensive detail about the sample contents. To the best of our knowledge following a review of the available literature, this report describes the most detailed analysis of a white powder for a public health or forensic investigation involving ricin. 相似文献
380.
Ruby Charak Cherie Armour Ask Elklit Hans M. Koot Jon D. Elhai 《Psychological injury and law》2014,7(2):122-130
The recent release of the DSM-5 comes with the division of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms across four symptom clusters (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This division is based on the support garnered by two four-factor models; Emotional Numbing (King et al., 1998) and Dysphoria (Simms et al., 2002) and a five-factor model; Dysphoric Arousal (Elhai et al., 2011). Much debate centered on the validity of the Dysphoria factor as a non-specific factor of PTSD within the Dysphoria model. In line with this, we assessed relations between the four factors of the Dysphoria model (Simms et al., 2002) and positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) in natural disaster victims (N?=?200) from Leh, India, using the PTSD checklist (PCL-S) and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS short form). Confirmatory factor analysis was implemented to assess the best-fitting model for both the PCL (PTSD) and the PANAS (affect). Two optimal models (the Dysphoria model and a two-factor model for affect) were subsequently used to assess latent variable associations across constructs. It was hypothesized that differential associations between latent factors would be evident with the Dysphoria factor being highly correlated with negative affect compared to alternative PTSD factors. Significant correlations were found between factors of the Dysphoria model and NA (0.52–0.65, p?<?0.001). Comparing the association of pairs of PTSD factors with NA and PA, Wald’s tests revealed that no single PTSD factor was more related to NA than the other. Avoidance and Hyperarousal factors were correlated with PA. Results are discussed in line with literature questioning Dysphoria factor’s unique association with general distress. 相似文献