Women Don't Run? Election Aversion and Candidate Entry

To study gender differences in candidate emergence, we conduct a laboratory experiment in which we control the incentives potential candidates face, manipulate features of the electoral environment, and measure beliefs and preferences. We find that men and women are equally likely to volunteer when the representative is chosen randomly, but that women are less likely to become candidates when the representative is chosen by an election. This difference does not arise from disparities in abilities, risk aversion, or beliefs, but rather from the specific competitive and strategic context of campaigns and elections. Thus, we find evidence that women are election averse, whereas men are not. Election aversion persists with variations in the electoral environment, disappearing only when campaigns are both costless and completely truthful.     

The Consequences of Gentrification for Racial Change in Washington,DC

This article looks at the effects of gentrification on the racial composition and transformation of urban neighborhoods. The investigation examines Washington, DC, a city that has undergone significant and contentious racial transformation in the past few decades. To provide for a more robust analysis of how gentrification is associated with measures of racial displacement and diversity, I employ two separate quantitative measures. Using U.S. Census Bureau long form, American Community Survey, and decennial census data, I compare tract-level changes in racial evenness and displacement between gentrifying and nongentrifying areas from 1990 to 2010. The findings suggest that gentrification is associated with the displacement of blacks, but this racial turnover is not consistently associated with greater levels of racial and ethnic diversity compared with nongentrifying neighborhoods.     

Normative and Empirical Perspectives on Constitutionalism and Presidentialism

Maxwell A. Cameron, Strong Constitutions: Social‐Cognitive Origins of the Separation of Powers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Figures, notes, bibliography, index, 268 pp.; hardcover $65, paperback $31.95, ebook. Roberto Gargarella, Latin American Constitutionalism, 1810–2010: The Engine Room of the Constitution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Notes, bibliography, index, 298 pp.; hardcover $74, ebook. Michael L. Mezey, Presidentialism: Power in Comparative Perspective. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2013. Bibligraphy, index, 260 pp.; hardcover $58, ebook $58. Gabriel L. Negretto, Making Constitutions: Presidents, Parties, and Institutional Choice in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Figures, tables, appendix, notes, bibliography, index, 296 pp.; hardcover $95, paperback $32.99, ebook $26.     

Against Global Parliament

Experimentation is often thought to be a key quality of any legitimate democratic system. Employing global parliamentary proposals as a heuristic, this article suggests that top‐down models for global democratization – proffered by liberal cosmopolitans and world government scholars – may create path‐dependencies which foreclose options for experimenting with alternative institutional designs in the future. Drawing upon historical institutionalism, the structure, sequence, and setting of top‐down proposals are outlined to show how experimentation with other forms of democracy may be constrained in problematic ways. Following this assessment, the article suggests that striving for democratic values under a pluralist arrangement of global governance may facilitate incremental institutional development and promote experimentation over time.     

Konsekrationsinstanzen im digitalen Wandel – Beiträge zur Erweiterung des feldanalytischen Forschungsprogramms am Beispiel populärer Musik

The article has two objectives: First, pursuant to the recent papers on a “sociology of (e)valuation,” an extension of Bourdieusian field theory will be presented, which reacts to three problems with this theory that were expressed in the critical reception: the immanent tendency to emphasize reproduction more strongly than transformation; the disregarding of technology; and the simple dualism of cultural and economic logic. To begin with, a dynamization of the research program will be undertaken, in that fault lines and transformation dynamics will be revealed that could lead to the invalidation of Pierre Bourdieu’s strict homological assumptions. Following up on that, it will be shown how technology, which was neglected by Bourdieu, can become an (external) factor that causes fundamental changes in fields. Finally, in connection with Jörn Lamla’s reflections on “cultural capitalism” and through a differentiation of the concept of the instance of consecration, a level of analysis will be specified on which the transformation dynamics under discussion can be observed. Secondly, the successful integration of technology in new forms of consecration in the field of pop music will be examined. On the basis of the reaction of classical pop-music journalism to the new value assignment instances that have arisen through digitalization, it can be shown that the challenge arising from new forms of consecration results in negotiatory processes in the field of pop music journalism in which various repositionings in the relationship of cultural and economic logics appear.     

确保新丝绸之路的安全

中国重燃雄心,决意沿着丝绸之路的不同分支大力发展贸易,这就带来了一系列全新的传统及非传统安全挑战,中国政府誓言用崭新的安全观应对这些挑战。然而,这些观念无助于促进中国的安全利益。在解决不同安全利益的矛盾方面,中国面临诸多挑战和机遇:对繁荣的追求与安全的维护、经济雄心的必然结果是成为世界最大的经济体、和平崛起与两岸统一和收复失地、外交政策指导思想面临困境。中欧之间的安全合作前景不容乐观。中国安全思维所面临的困境或矛盾,使欧洲面临三大不确定性:太平洋的紧张局势将如何发展?中国将如何捍卫其在新丝绸之路上的利益?太平洋的紧张局势将如何影响中国在欧亚非交汇处的行动?这些不确定性也给欧洲新增了两大战略选择:一是继续与中国在丝绸之路上合作与较量;二是把充满巨大挑战的欧亚非交汇处以及欧洲的近邻作为优先考虑的选项,并接受美国邀请,加入其重返太平洋地区的行动。虽然中国欲与丝绸之路另一端的欧盟建立有意义的合作,以便最终实现责任分担,但前路必将困难重重。