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551.
Justin Esarey 《国际相互影响》2017,43(4):589-618
Does being named and shamed for human rights abuse influence the amount of foreign aid received by the shamed state? Recent research suggests that the impact of public censure may depend on the political relationship between donor and recipient. We argue that donors deriving a direct political benefit from the aid relationship (such as a military advantage or the satisfaction of a domestic political audience) will ignore or work against condemnation, but donors with little political interest in the recipient (who give aid for symbolic or humanitarian reasons) will punish condemned states. We also argue that the size of prior aid packages can be used as a holistic measure of the donor’s political interest in the aid relationship because mutually beneficial aid packages are subject to a bargaining process that favors recipients with more to offer. We find that condemnation for human rights abuse by the United Nations is associated with lower bilateral aid levels among states that previously received small aid package, and with equal or higher bilateral aid to states already receiving a great deal of aid. The source of shaming also matters: We find that public shaming by human rights NGOs is not associated with decreased aggregate bilateral aid. 相似文献
552.
AliceAnn Crandall Brianna M. Magnusson M. Lelinneth B. Novilla Lynneth Kirsten B. Novilla W. Justin Dyer 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2017,46(1):45-62
The ability to control one’s emotions, thoughts, and behaviors is known as self-regulation. Family stress and low adolescent self-regulation have been linked with increased engagement in risky sexual behaviors, which peak in late adolescence and early adulthood. The purpose of this study was to assess whether adolescent self-regulation, measured by parent and adolescent self-report and respiratory sinus arrhythmia, mediates or moderates the relationship between family financial stress and risky sexual behaviors. We assessed these relationships in a 4-year longitudinal sample of 450 adolescents (52 % female; 70 % white) and their parents using structural equation modeling. Results indicated that high family financial stress predicts engagement in risky sexual behaviors as mediated, but not moderated, by adolescent self-regulation. The results suggest that adolescent self-regulatory capacities are a mechanism through which proximal external forces influence adolescent risk-taking. Promoting adolescent self-regulation, especially in the face of external stressors, may be an important method to reduce risk-taking behaviors as adolescents transition to adulthood. 相似文献
553.
Justin M. Ross 《Public administration review》2018,78(1):92-103
An unfunded expenditure mandate occurs when governments are required to provide a good or service by a higher level of government without an accompanying revenue source. There are no empirical studies providing causal evidence on the fiscal influence of intergovernmental mandates. This article examines Florida's 1990 constitutional Amendment 3, which sought to limit unfunded state mandates on municipal and county governments. The synthetic control method, an empirical technique for drawing causal inferences from case studies, estimates the effect of Amendment 3 on state expenditures and total transfers to local governments. The results indicate that state expenditures increased by an annual average of 9.5 percent, while state transfers to all local governments were unaffected. However, the municipalities protected by Amendment 3 saw intergovernmental revenue from the state decrease by 10 percent annually, which suggests that remaining mandates likely targeted special districts, encouraging the fragmentation of local public service delivery. 相似文献
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555.
Justin B. Litke 《Society》2017,54(3):299-302
Bradley Birzer’s Russell Kirk: American Conservative is a readable, yet erudite account of a figure all too forgotten today. Tracing his early life and career through its many twists and turns, the reader learns a great deal about the state of letters in the mid-twentieth century. 相似文献
556.
Jennie M. Burns Ph.D. Michael G. Kamykowski B.S. Justin A. Moreno M.S. Michael B. Jirjis Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2020,65(1):144-153
Conducted electrical weapons are designed to cause temporary electro-muscular incapacitation (EMI) without significant injury. The objective of this study was to assess the risk and cause of spinal injury due to exposure to a benchtop EMI device. Porcine subjects were exposed to 19 and 40 Hz electrical stimuli for a prolonged duration of 30 sec. X-ray imaging, necropsy, and accelerometry found that lumbosacral spinal fractures occurred in at least 89% of all subjects, regardless of the stimulus group, and were likely caused by musculoskeletal fatigue-related stress in the lumbosacral spine. Spinal fractures occurred in the porcine model at an unusually high rate compared to human. This may be due to both the prolonged duration of electrical stimulation and significant musculoskeletal differences between humans and pigs, which suggests that the porcine model is not a good model of EMI-induced spinal fracture in humans. 相似文献
557.
Jason R. Soble W. Alexander Alverson Jacob I. Phillips Edan A. Critchfield Chrystal Fullen Justin J. F. ORourke Johanna Messerly Jonathan M. Highsmith K. Chase Bailey Troy A. Webber Janice C. Marceaux 《Psychological injury and law》2020,13(1):44-56
Mirroring clinical guidelines, recent Performance Validity Test (PVT) research emphasizes using ≥ 2 criterion PVTs to optimally identify validity groups when validating/cross-validating PVTs; however, even with multiple measures, the effect of which specific PVTs are used as criterion measures remains incompletely explored. This study investigated the accuracy of varying two-PVT combinations for establishing validity status and how adding a third PVT or applying more liberal failure cut-scores affects overall false-positive (FP)/-negative (FN) rates. Clinically referred veterans (N = 114; 30% clinically identified as invalid) completing a six-PVT protocol as during their evaluation were included. Concordance rates were calculated across all possible two-and three-PVT combinations at conservative and liberal cutoffs. Two-PVT combinations classified 72–91% of valid (0–4% FPs) and 17–74% of invalid (0–40% FNs) cases, and three-PVT combinations classified 67–86% of valid (0–6% FPs) and 57–97% of invalid (0–24% FNs) at conservative cutoffs. Liberal cutoffs classified 53–86% of valid (0–15% FPs) and 39–82% of invalid (0–30% FNs) cases for two-PVT combinations and 46–75% of valid (3–27% FPs) and 60–97% of invalid (0–17% FNs) cases for three-PVT combinations. Irrespective of whether a two-or three-PVT combination or conservative/liberal cutoffs were used, many valid and invalid cases failed only one PVT (3–68%).Two-PVT combinations produced high FNs and were less accurate than three-PVTs for detecting invalid cases, though variable accuracy was found within both types of combinations based on the specific PVTs in the combination. Thus, both PVT quantity and quality are important for accurate validity classification in research studies to ensure reliability and replicability of findings. Applying more liberal cutoffs yielded increased sensitivity, but with generally higher FPs yielding problematic specificity, particularly for three-PVT combinations. 相似文献
558.
This video election note is a very brief introduction to some of the main points of interest regarding the 2010 UK general election. It touches on events since the 2005 election, the course of the campaign, the salient issues, policy differences between the main parties, key features of the outcome for the major and minor parties, turnout, government formation and the implications for British politics. There are also preliminary observations on what the pattern of constituency results tell us about how the recession and the expenses crisis affected outcomes. 相似文献
559.
Shannon R. Kenney Justin F. Hummer Joseph W. LaBrie 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2010,39(9):999-1011
Prepartying and drinking game playing are associated with excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-related negative consequences
in college populations; however, research exploring the prevalence of these high risk drinking contexts among high school
students, and how such engagement may impact both high school and subsequent college drinking risk, is lacking. The current
study, which is the first study to assess prepartying during high school, examined how engaging in either prepartying or drinking
game playing during high school was associated with risky high school drinking as well as alcohol use and consequences during
the transitional first month of college. The study involved 477 first-year college students, the majority of whom were 18 years
old (94%), female (66%), and Caucasian (59%). Prepartying was found to be highly prevalent in high school (45%). Further,
students who prepartied or played drinking games during high school drank significantly more in high school than students
who did not engage in these high risk activities. Finally, prepartying and game playing during high school were associated
with greater collegiate alcohol consumption (controlling for high school drinking) and consequences (controlling for both
high school and college drinking). This study establishes prepartying and drinking games as common high risk activities among
both high school and incoming first-year college students, and addresses implications for prevention and targeted interventions. 相似文献
560.