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931.
生物技术知识产权的保护与分享在发达国家与发展中国家之间产生利益分歧,发展中国家处于弱势地位,这主要归因于生物技术研发的特殊性、遗传资源分布的不均衡性、发展中国家的历史传统、国际法律制度的冲突等因素.为了生物技术和遗传资源的持续发展,知识产权制度应重申其社会公益价值,生物技术的权利保护规则应得以完善,发展中国家的应有权利应得到尊重. 相似文献
932.
We consider two important notes on optimal law enforcement with corruption. First, we analyze the role of asymmetric information
on the emergence of collusion between criminals and enforcers. Second, our paper proposes that the optimal criminal sanction
for the underlying offense is not necessarily maximal. We achieve this result by coupling the criminal sanction for the underlying
offense with a criminal sanction for corruption, both imposed on offenders. A higher criminal sanction for the underlying
offense implies that the government must spend more resources to detect and punish corruption (since the likelihood of collusion
increases). Thus, the government could reduce this sanction, save on detection, and increase the criminal sanction for corruption
(in order to offset the negative effect on deterrence).
We are grateful to Mitch Polinsky and two anonymous referees for helpful suggestions. The usual disclaimers apply. 相似文献
933.
Kristjan Kask Ray Bull Indrek Heinla Graham Davies 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2007,22(2):77-83
This study examines whether or not using a person as a standard/comparison improves the ability of a child witness to provide
more accurate detail about a previously observed person. Study participants included 135 children who observed a male stranger
and were then later asked to describe and answer various questions about that person using a third-person standard/comparison.
Despite the fact that one-half of participants were exposed to a standard/comparison, neither participants’ gender or exposure
to the standard/comparison improved recollection outcomes. However, the gender of the standard/comparisons - especially where
female - did have a significant effect on the recall ability of male participants. 相似文献
934.
Research into community corrections officers’ perceptions of the needs of ex-offenders has largely been overlooked. While
some empirical research has emerged regarding federal parole officers’ perceptions, it is conceptually incomplete. A gap in
the literature remains regarding the concordance or discordance between offenders and community corrections officers’ perceptions
of offender needs and the opportunities for success upon release. Using a sample of community corrections officers in Seattle,
Washington, this research examined officer perception of ex-offender needs, the value officers’ placed on the specific needs,
and the opportunities available for offenders to meet their needs. Differences between officers emerged including the finding
that female officers rated needs and challenges for offenders significantly different than male officers. Policy implications
of the research are discussed.
This research was made possible due to a grant award from the College of Arts and Sciences at Seattle University. This research
was first presented at the 2005 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Conference in Chicago. We are grateful to Mac Pevey and
Keven Bovenkamp from the Washington State Department of Corrections and Bill Corn and Tim McTighe from United States Probation
and Pretrial Services for their support, assistance, and for making the study possible. A special thanks to our research assistant
Tania Reyes who was instrumental in collecting the data for this investigation. 相似文献
935.
Sun Liansheng 《北京周报(英文版)》2010,53(24):18-19
The Urban Best Practices Area (UBPA) of the World Expo in Shanghai aims to introduce various ongoing practices designed to improve the quality of urban life as global urbanization increases,and provide a platform for all the cities of the world to share and exchange experiences in urban management and development. 相似文献
936.
The equality rule is an important coordination rule in symmetric public good dilemmas. Although prior research emphasized
that people use the equality rule out of efficiency concerns (as it helps to obtain the public good in the most efficient
manner among group members), it may also reflect a true preference for fairness. More precisely, research examining emotional
and retributive reactions as a result of a violation of the equality rule by a fellow group member showed that equality indeed
is related to people’s personal values and what they consider to be fair. The present paper suggests that a violation of the
equality rule results in emotional reactions, and these emotional experiences encourage further retributive actions. The different
reactions following an equality violation are described as a function of three features: (1) the motives to use equality,
(2) attributions for explaining the violation, and (3) the honesty of the given explanation.
The write-up of this paper was partly supported by GOA/05/04 from the Research Fund of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
The research and write-up was supported by a fellowship of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO, Grant
No. 016.005.019), awarded to the second author. 相似文献
937.
青少年消费心理与消费行为的特点及引导策略 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
青少年作为特殊的消费群体,他们的消费心理表现为:趋同心理、炫耀心理和猎奇心理,与此相对应,其消费行为表现为从众性、符号象征性和个性化。培养青少年积极的消费观念在一定程度上可引导其消费行为朝着健康、理性的方向发展,消费观念的培养可围绕四个方面展开:理性消费教育、理财教育、可持续消费教育和绿色消费教育。 相似文献
938.
939.
940.
Mainstream criminology still tends to focus on gender as a control variable, ignoring the different pathways to crime followed
by males and females. This leaves us with knowledge that we already have—males commit more criminal and delinquent acts than
do females, but little information about the similarities and differences between men and women who commit crimes. On the
other hand, feminist approaches tend to do one of two things: deal with girls and women only or deal with women and men separately
to illuminate the differences. In this paper, we examine articles in three major journals, Criminology, Justice Quarterly, and Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, to explore the ways that gender is treated in mainstream criminology journals. Then, we will discuss the implications this
has for feminist criminology. 相似文献