College Students’ Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence: a Comparative Study of China and the U.S.

Although attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV) have been the subject of many studies, little research has been conducted to comparatively assess public definitions of IPV in Western and non-Western countries. Drawing upon survey data collected from approximately 500 Chinese and American college students, this study compared and contrasted Chinese and American college students in their beliefs about what constitute IPV. Chinese students were found to be less likely to define abusive acts as IPV than their U.S. counterparts. Gender-role attitudes, such as beliefs of male dominance and IPV as crime, were among the most prominent predictors of students’ definitions of IPV. Chinese and American college students’ attitudes differed not only in what was defined as IPV, but also in what were the factors that shaped such attitudes. Directions for future research and policy were discussed.     

Political interest furthers partisanship in England,Scotland, and Wales

According to much of the literature, partisanship in Britain exercises little independent influence on the vote but merely reflects voters’ prospective and retrospective evaluations of the parties’ performance with regard to their management of the economy, national security, and public services. In this view, partisanship comes close to Fiorina’s model of a “running tally” of political experiences. Similarly, Dalton’s notion of “cognitive mobilization” suggests that seeking out political information should undermine both the need for and the likelihood of party identification. Applying Mixed Markov Latent Class Analysis to the British Election Study Panel 1997–2000, we challenge these perceptions by demonstrating that partisanship is more stable than previously thought, and that high levels of political interest are linked to higher levels of partisanship and possible also to higher levels of stability. This is much more in line with classic ideas about party identification than with “revisionist” critiques of the Michigan model, and with current models of political cognition. Moreover, it suggests that political interest renders affective ties more powerful in stabilizing themselves.     

城市女性休闲活动的职业差异研究——以绍兴市为例

休闲活动在不同女性职业群体中的差异状况,是一个值得关注的问题。本文利用市场抽样调查的数据,分析了绍兴城市女性休闲活动的职业差异。结果表明,绍兴城市女性在休闲目的、休闲时间、休闲消费、休闲交通方式、休闲场所及影响休闲地选择因素等方面存在职业差异,但差异程度有所不同。     

试析国家主权让渡的主体和客体

在国家主权让渡中,国家作为主权的让渡者,可以称为主权让渡的主体,而对等国家、国际组织、跨国公司等则是主权让渡的受让者,可以称为主权让渡的客体。从国家作为主权让渡主体的角度看,国家有完全主权国家和不完全主权国家、发展中国家和发达国家、社会主义国家和资本主义国家之分,主权让渡主体的差异在很大程度上决定着主权让渡进程自身的发展。从对等国家、国际组织、跨国公司等作为主权让渡客体的角度看,它们以各自不同的组织形式、性质和职能担当起了在全球化时代国家职能的缺失部分,保证国际体系的正常运转。     

The regulatory style of environmental governance in China: the case of EIA regulation in Shanghai*

The body of literature that examines how institutional contexts affect environmental governance in advanced industrial countries finds that style of environmental regulation is country‐specific. In the pluralist form of democracy like the United States, environmental policy formulation involves bargaining and compromises among interest groups and regulation enforcement through relatively formal and legalistic means. In the corporatist form of democracy like Sweden and Great Britain, in contrast, environmental policies are more accommodating to divergent societal interests and tend to be less formal in their enforcement. These variations in regulatory style have been attributed to differences in basic constitutional structures, regime types and cultures. How do institutional contexts affect the style of environmental regulation in China, which is both a non‐democratic and developing country? This article examines China's regulatory style by focusing on environmental impact assessment (EIA) regulation in Shanghai. The Shanghai EIA system is analyzed in terms of policy ideology, policy content, regulatory process, public participation and policy consequences. It is shown that China's being a single‐party regime with a ‘rule of persons’ tradition has heavily shaped its environmental governance. Based on Shanghai experience, China's style can be characterized as formal in requirement, agency‐dominated in the regulatory process, legalistic in enforcement, and informal politics as the substance of regulation. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

甲氰菊酯在家兔体内的死后分布研究

目的建立甲氰菊酯家兔灌胃染毒致死模型和生物检材中甲氰菊酯的气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用检测方法,研究甲氰菊酯在家兔体内的死后分布规律。方法家兔6只,甲氰菊酯经口灌胃染毒,死亡后迅速解剖,取心血、外周血、肝等组织,气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用法检测甲氰菊酯含量;部分组织经甲醛固定,HE染色,光镜观察其病理改变。结果家兔染毒后2～3h出现中毒表现,染毒后4.5～8h死亡。气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用法均检测到甲氰菊酯。甲氰菊酯在家兔体内死后分布为胃壁（458.92±32.82）μg/g、肾（46.47±6.30）μg/g、肝（35.79±20.11）μg/g、大脑（28.77±10.52）μg/g、心（26.49±4.10）μg/g、脾（22.23±5.37）μg/g、胆汁（10.87±1.42）μg/mL、肺（10.32±0.78）μg/g、周围血（8.14±1.12）μg/mL和心血（8.20±1.83）μg/mL。结论甲氰菊酯的灌胃染毒致死模型、气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用检测方法及死后分布规律可应用于甲氰菊酯中毒死亡案件的法医学鉴定及法医毒物动力学研究。     

社会转型时期黑社会性质组织的犯罪特征及预防对策——以李义黑社会性质组织犯罪为视角

分析以李义为首的黑社会性质组织在过去5年中的形成与发展过程可以发现,这一涉黑组织的演变过程带有明显的渝东地区的地域色彩和社会转型期的时代特性。在社会转型期,当地政府的社会管理职能发生了相对弱化,社会分层却在加剧,这是李义团伙能够逐步发展成为黑社会性质组织的深层社会原因。临江镇传统产业一度出现的无序竞争局面又为李义团伙向经济领域渗透提供了契机。当地长期盛行的“袍哥”文化也对李义团伙的发展起到了推波助澜的作用。把握住这些特点可以有的放矢地从社会、经济、文化等层面在当地开展社会治安综合治理,遏制涉黑犯罪的发生和黑社会性质组织的形成。     

民国时期法定继承人的范围及其演变

民国时期的民事立法,既传承传统,又除旧立新。其继承法中的法定继承人的范围及其演变,最为明显地影响传统的家族法。探究中西法文化冲突背景下该领域法律的演变发展很有价值。     

Development of hand-wrist bones of 14 year-old adolescents. II. Standard of bony age for girls

OBJECTIVE: To study the current development of hand-wrist bones of adolescents in China, and establish special forensic bony age standard for estimating 14 years of criminal responsible age in female adolescents. METHODS: One hundred and ten healthy girls aged from 13 years and 9 months to 14 years and 3 months in Lengshuijiang district of Hunan province were enrolled in this study. X-ray films of their left hand-wrists were taken dorsaventrally, and 15 sites on the wrist x-ray films were examined and measured under standard condition. The development grade was confirmed by maximal percentage to establish a method to estimate the bony age, which was then checked by single blind method. RESULTS: Development grade of the radius, the middle third phalanx and the fourth phalanx was partially closed (> 2/3), and the rest was wholly-closed with existence of the epiphyseal line. The development grade of the middle third phalanx and fourth phalanx was different between the younger group (< 14 years, partially closed, > 2/3) and the older group (> 14 years, mostly closed with existence of only epiphyseal line). The cross diameter of the osteoepiphysises were wider than that of all the diaphysises. The confirmed accuracy (in 30 girls) was 83.3%. CONCLUSION: Our study seemes to be feasible in establishing the estimation standard for bony age determination. The standard established by developmental metaphysis and authropometry may be particularly helpful in forensic practice for estimation of accurate criminal responsible age in adolescents.     

A Cross-Cultural Perspective on the Relationships between Emotional Separation,Parental Trust,and Identity in Adolescents

Emotional separation and parental trust in parent–adolescent relationships are important factors for adolescent identity formation. However, prior research findings on emotional separation are inconsistent. This study aimed to conduct a more rigorous examination of the associations of emotional separation and parental trust with identity synthesis, confusion, and consolidation by applying a bi-factor model to identity, using adolescent samples from Lithuania (N?=?610; 53.9% female; M _age ?=?14.92), Italy (N?=?411; 57.4% female; M _age ?=?15.03), and Japan (N?=?759; 43.7% female; M _age ?=?14.13). Structural equation modeling revealed that emotional separation and parental trust were consistently associated with identity consolidation across the three countries, rather than associated with identity synthesis and identity confusion. Furthermore, the patterns of associations of emotional separation and parental trust with identity synthesis and identity confusion differed across the three nations. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the role of emotional separation and parental trust in adolescent identity formation by suggesting the importance of the identity consolidation in the association between parent–child relationships and identity formation across three countries.