Application of Micro‐Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to Ink Examination in Signatures Written with Ballpoint Pen on Questioned Documents

Questioned documents examined in a forensic laboratory sometimes contain signatures written with ballpoint pen inks; these signatures were examined to assess the feasibility of micro‐attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a forensic tool. Micro‐ATR FTIR spectra for signatures written with 63 ballpoint pens available commercially in Korea were obtained and used to construct an FTIR spectral database. A library‐searching program was utilized to identify the manufacturer, blend, and model of each black ballpoint pen ink based upon their FTIR peak intensities, positions, and patterns in the spectral database. This FTIR technique was also successfully used in determining the sequence of homogeneous line intersections from the crossing lines of two ballpoint pen signatures. We have demonstrated with a set of sample documents that micro‐ATR FTIR is a viable nondestructive analytical method that can be used to identify the origin of the ballpoint pen ink used to mark signatures.     

TOF‐SIMS Analysis of Red Color Inks of Writing and Printing Tools on Questioned Documents

Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) is a well‐established surface technique that provides both elemental and molecular information from several monolayers of a sample surface while also allowing depth profiling or image mapping to be performed. Static TOF‐SIMS with improved performances has expanded the application of TOF‐SIMS to the study of a variety of organic, polymeric, biological, archaeological, and forensic materials. In forensic investigation, the use of a minimal sample for the analysis is preferable. Although the TOF‐SIMS technique is destructive, the probing beams have microsized diameters so that only small portion of the questioned sample is necessary for the analysis, leaving the rest available for other analyses. In this study, TOF‐SIMS and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) were applied to the analysis of several different pen inks, red sealing inks, and printed patterns on paper. The overlapping areas of ballpoint pen writing, red seal stamping, and laser printing in a document were investigated to identify the sequence of recording. The sequence relations for various cases were determined from the TOF‐SIMS mapping image and the depth profile. TOF‐SIMS images were also used to investigate numbers or characters altered with two different red pens. TOF‐SIMS was successfully used to determine the sequence of intersecting lines and the forged numbers on the paper.     

Dual-System Families: Cash Assistance Sequences of Households Involved With Child Welfare

Dual-system families, those involved with the child welfare system and receiving public cash assistance, may be more vulnerable than families connected to only one of the two systems. This study advances our understanding of the heterogeneous and dynamic cash-assistance histories of dual-system families in the post–welfare reform era. With merged administrative data from Washington over the period 1998–2009, we use cluster analysis to group month-to-month sequences of cash-assistance use among households over the 37-month period surrounding child removal. Close to two thirds of families who received any assistance either had a short spell with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) or lost TANF. Smaller percentages had steady support. Families who lose assistance are less likely than average to reunify while those who connect to benefits are more likely, suggesting that coordination between systems may serve dual-system families well.     

农民行动单位与行动逻辑 ——以江西省丰城市梅林村为个案

农民行动单位可以是血缘关系为纽带的宗族、户族和小亲族,也可以是国家在农村建立的行政村和村民组,行动单位的有效性在于其首先是一个认同单位。在江西省丰城市梅林村,其在10个家族村落基础上划分村民组,小组自我管理并部分延续着生产队治理模式,小组有完整的组织架构。村民组建立在以单一姓氏的家族共同体为基础时,实现了农民认同单位和行动单位的统一。行政村作为集体治理单位,村民组作为共同体治理单位,村民自治呈现出集体自治而非共同体自治,集体自治之下继续着共同体自治,两者遵循不同的行动逻辑。     

论治安行政强制的科学定位

依法治国是基本国策,而依法治国的关键在于依法行政;行政强制又是依法行政之焦点,而治安行政强制因其涉及公民的人身自由则又足行政强制中的重要组成部分,并且所涉范围最广、力度最强、矛盾最尖锐。     

归责的指导要素及其技术标准新论——对我国侵权责任的归责原理的体系化重构

我国目前通说中的侵权责任的“归责原则”实际上名不符实。归责原则是归责的指导要素,不同于民法基本原则和赔偿原则,更不同于归责基础。真正的归责原则表现为自己责任和公平责任,过错和危险是两个基本的归责基础。归责基础是归责的内在技术标准,侵权责任构成要件是归责的外在技术标准,二者在归责原则的引领下保持了归责原理体系的自洽与圆满。     

物权的经济分析

物权状态二元结构理论可挑战甚至取代所有权权能结构分析。一些长期争议和令人困惑的以权利、权力及其关系为内容的理论问题,运用物权二元结构理论＂公式＂求解,则可以发现入口和找到出口,且能定纷止争。权利的绝对性与相对性的对立统一性,是权利自由和受约束的方法及依据;收入分配改革的关键是限制、解放和扩展权力,即权力的合理配置;市场与政府职能分工,主要是明确公权力与市场权利的边界,公权力管制的领域限于动态权利的行使;国有物权的流失和浪费,主要是因为主体代表权没有限定权利边界而可以轻易地滥用公权力。     

从生活事实到一般人格利益的法解释学基础——以“冒名上学”案中侵害客体的界定为分析对象

以齐玉苓案、罗彩霞案为代表的一系列＂冒名上学＂案引发了诸多争议。在私法中没有对应规范的背景下,以对侵害客体的合理界定为基础,通过法解释,对＂权利＂和＂利益＂在＂事物本质＂上类推,寻找法律所隐含的可予私法救济的利益之所在,发现可以与生活事实相对应的法律规范,从而将法律现实化为真正的行动。＂冒名上学＂行为所侵害的整体人格可以解释为一般人格利益中的人格独立,受教育机会可以解释为一般人格利益中的人格自由。     

少数民族习俗文化变迁的影响因素探析——以罗定市加益镇合江民族村为例

随着市场经济的逐渐深入,作为亚文化的各少数民族文化正在进行着意义深远的文化变迁,合江民族村同样经历了和正在经历着相应的文化变迁。文章以合江民族村少数民族习俗文化变迁为切入点,分析了聚居、工业文化和主文化对少数民族习俗文化变迁的影响,并对少数民族习俗文化变迁中出现的问题进行了分析和总结。     

抗日战争与中国共产党的现代化进程

抗日战争时期,中国共产党及其领导的抗日军民是全民族抗战的中流砥柱。中国共产党在根据地的局部执政与领导抗日战争胜利的实践过程中,得到了多方面发展,推进政治民主化,政治上逐渐走向成熟;党的指导思想的确立和整风运动统一了全党的思想和意志;提出持久战的战略方针与制定人民战争的路线使得组织上取得了有效地发展和壮大。这对中国共产党的现代化进程具有深远的历史影响,中国共产党在抗日战争时期的成熟、壮大,是中国共产党现代化进程中的很重要的转折点。