Group-specific component: a review of the isoelectric focusing methods and auxiliary methods available for the separation of its phenotypes

This review compares the major isoelectric focusing methods that have been published for the separation of group-specific component (Gc) phenotypes since 1978. The various parameters of gel composition, size, electrical and running conditions and sample application points are listed. More current auxiliary methods are also listed. These relate to the extraction of Gc from bloodstains and its identification after isoelectric focusing. Protocols are then recommended for the forensic analysis of Gc phenotypes.     

Polymorphism of seminal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase

Electrophoretic analysis of seminal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity of 147 unrelated Japanese males revealed three types of band patterns. An anodal single band, a cathodal single band and heterozygous double bands termed 1, 2 and 2-1, respectively, were commonly identified in the samples. The frequencies of the three types were 1 = 0.22, 2 = 0.33 and 2-1 = 0.44. Seminal stains kept for more than 6 months revealed distinguishable band patterns as well as fresh samples.