On the (mis)measurement of legislator ideology and shirking

In this paper, we show that current statistical measures of legislator's shirking are implicitly based on the electoral concept of a unique majority rule equilibrium point in the policy space where elections are contested. We note that such equilibria do not exist generically and present statistical results showing that cross-sectional regressions where legislators' voting indices are predicted by district average demograhic and economic data are mis-specified. We also discuss a weaker equilibrium construct, the uncovered set, and present statistical evidence showing that differences in voting behavior between Senators from the same state are positively related to the heterogeneity of the electorate. We argue that current evidence alleged to show shirking by Senators is equally consistent with Senators who perfectly represent an idiosyncratic constituency that cannot be represented by district average data.     

Comprehending disclosure: must patients understand the risks they run?

It is well known that competent patients must be told about the risks of proposed medical procedures. This paper argues that recent professional guidelines and the law of negligence now take matters further by requiring doctors to take reasonable steps in an attempt to ensure that patients understand the risks they are being invited to run, so facilitating meaningful choices and the opportunity to give a properly informed consent.     

C. Reviews and notes: bibliographies and works of reference

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MAKHTUTAT AL‐SAYYID MUHAMMAD BAQIR AL‐TABATABA'I FI KARBALA’. By SALMAN HADI AL‐TU'MA. Kuwait (publisher as above), 1985. 287pp.

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CATALOGUE OF ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPTS (IN ARABIC, TURKISH AND PERSIAN) IN THE LIBRARIES OF TURKEY. Edited by EKMELEDD?N ?HSANOGGLU, and prepared by RAMAZAN ?E?EN, CEM??L AKPINAR and CEVAD ?ZG?. Istanbul, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 1984. 524pp. US $10.00.

HANDLIST OF ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPTS ACQUIRED BY THE INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY, 1938–85. Compiled by URSULA SIMS‐WILLIAMS. London, s.n., 1986. 30pp.

TOPKAPI SARAYI MÜZES? OSMANLI ARS?V? KATALOGU. FERMANLAR. I Fasikül No. E. 1–12476. Compiled by Ismail Hakki UZUNCARSILI, ?brahim Kemal BAYBURA and Ülkü ALTINDAG. (Türk Tarih Kurumu VII ser., no. 81.) Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1985. xii, 105pp. TL. 880.

DER OSMANISCHE STATTHALTER ISKENDER PASCHA (Gest. 1571) UND SEINE STIFTUNGEN IN ÄGYPTEN UND AM BOSPORUS [THE OTTOMAN GOVERNOR ISKENDER PA?A (d. 1571) AND HIS WAQFS IN EGYPT AND ON THE BOSPHORUS]. By GERD WINKELHANE and KLAUS SCHWARZ. (Islamwissenschaftliche Quellen und Texten aus deutschen Bibliotheken [Sources and texts for Islamic studies in German libraries], vol. 1.) Bamberg, Aku‐Verlag, 1985. vi, 361 pp., 7 illustrations.

ISLAMIC STUDIES: LITERATURE ON QURAN IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE: A BIBLIOGRAPHY. By MUHAMMAD ADIL USMANI. Karachi, Islamic Documentation and Information Centre, n.d. [c. 1985]. xii, 95pp.

TEXTUAL SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAM. Edited and translated by ANDREW RIPPIN and JAN KNAPPERT. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1986. xii, 209pp. Map. £25.00 hardback; £6.75 paperback.

IGNÁC GOLDZIHER: HIS LIFE AND SCHOLARSHIP AS REFLECTED IN HIS WORKS AND CORRESPONDENCE. By RÓBERT SIMON. Budapest, Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Leiden, Brill, 1986. 457pp. Plates. HFI. 180.‐

ANALYSE DER GESCHICHTSBÜCHER ZUM THEMA ISLAM. By MONIKA TWORUSCHKA. (Der Islam in den Schulbüchern der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1.) Braunschweig, Georg‐Eckert‐Institut für internationale Schulbuchforschung, 1986. xxi, 343pp. DM 29.‐

ANALYSE DER EVANGELISCHEN RELIGIONSBÜCHER ZUM THEMA ISLAM. By UDO TWORUSCHKA. (Der Islam in den Schulbüchem der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 2.) Braunschweig, Georg‐Eckert‐Institut für internationale Schulbuchforschung, 1986. xix, 300pp. DM 27.‐

INDEX OF ISLAMIC LITERATURE, 1986. Leicester, Islamic Foundation, 1987. 136pp.

BULLETIN CRITIQUE DES ANNALES ISLAMOLOGIQUES. (Supplément aux Annales Islamologiques, Vol.4.) Cairo, Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, 1987. 208pp.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS ON ISLAM. By MUHAMMAD ADIL USMANI and AKHTAR H. SIDDIQUI. (Islamic Studies no. 4CE.) Karachi, Islamic Documentation and Information Centre, 1985. iv, 126pp.

AL‐ISTISHHADAT AL‐MARJI'IYYA WA‐DAWRUHA FI AL‐BAHTH: DIRASA TATBIQIYYA ‘ALA BUHÜTH AL‐ANZIMA FI MA'HAD AL‐IDARA AL‐'AMMA (1392–1402 A.H.). By NAIM HASAN AL‐SAMADI. Riyadh, Ma'had al‐Idara al‐'Amma, 1406/ 1985–6. 120pp.

A READER'S GUIDE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF BAHA'I LITERATURE IN ENGLISH. By EUNICE BRAUN. Oxford, George Ronald, 1986. 164pp. Frontispiece. £8.95.

THE FIRST ARAB BIBLIOGRAPHY: FIHRIST AL‐'ULUM. By HANS W. WELLISCH. (University of Illinois Graduate School of Library and Information Science, Occasional Papers No.175.) Urbana‐Champaign, University of Illinois, 1986. 42pp. US$ 3.

BIBLIOGRAPHIE DES OUVRAGES ARABES OU RELATIFS AUX ARABES PUBLIÉS DANS L'EUROPE CHRÉTIENNE DE 1810 A 1885. Par VICTOR CHAUVIN. Liège, 1892–1922; reprinted Paris, Institut du Monde Arabe, n.d. [1987?], with preface by Josée Balagna. 12 parts in 4 vols.

ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE ARAB WORLD: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. By JAMIL E. JREISAT and ZAKI R. GHOSHEH. (Public Affairs and Administration series, 14.) New York, Garland Publishing, 1986. xxx, 259pp. US $49.00.

FIHRIS TA'RIKHI LI‐L‐MU'ALLAFAT AL‐TÜNISIYYA. By JEAN FONTAINE. Tunis, al‐Mu'assasa al‐wataniyya li‐1‐tarjama wa‐1‐tahqiq wa‐1‐dirasat (Bayt al‐hikma), 1986. 290pp. TD 6.500

AL‐BIBLIYÜGHRAFIYA AL‐WATANIYYA AL‐SURIYYA: MULHAQ, 1984. Damascus, Maktabat al‐Asad, 1987. 364pp.

JERUSALEM AND THE HOLY LAND: A PHAIDON CULTURAL GUIDE. Ed. by M. MEHLING. Oxford, Phaidon, 1987. 324pp. 284 colour ills. 9 maps. £9.95.

AJDADUNA FI THARA BAYT AL‐MAQDIS. By KAMIL JAMIL AL‐'ASALI. Amman, Al‐Majma’ al‐Malaki li‐Buhūth al‐Hadara al‐Islamiyya (Royal Academy for Islamic Civilization Research, Al Albait Foundation), 1981. 325pp. 78 illustrations. 12 plans and maps.

AL‐SIHAFA AL‐'ARABIYYA FI FILASTIN, 1876–1948. (THE ARAB PRESS IN PALESTINE.) Compiled by YUSUF Q. KHURI. Beirut & Washington, Institute for Palestine Studies, 1986. 272pp. US $10.00

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS PERTAINING TO THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN, 1920–1983. Amman, The Royal Academy for Islamic Civilization Research (Al Albait Foundation). 1984. 211pp.

BOOKS FROM THE ARAB WORLD: A GUIDE TO SELECTION AND ACQUISITION. By KATHERINE VAN DE VATE. (Middle East Libraries Committee Research Guides, 4.) Durham, Middle East Libraries Committee, 1988. iv, 55pp. £5.25.

ADAPTATIONS OF DDC IN THE MIDDLE EAST. By MAHVASH K. MOMENI. (Occasional Papers/University of Illinois, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, 170.) Champaign, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign, 1985. 41pp. US $3.00.

ASMA’ AL‐KUTUB. By ‘ABD AL‐LATIF B. MUHAMMAD RIYADIZADA. Edited by Muhammad al‐Tūnji. 2nd edition, Damascus, Dar al‐Fikr, 1983.398pp. US $6.00.

MODERN ARABIC LITERATURE. Compiled and edited by ROGER ALLEN. (A Library of Literary Criticism.) New York, Ungar, 1987. xxxiv, 370pp. US$75.00.

DALIL AL‐I'LAAM WA‐L‐A'LAM FI AL‐'ALAM AL‐'ARABA, 1985–1986. Edited by NAJI NU'MAN (NA'MAN). Jounieh, Dar Nu'man li‐1‐Thaqafa, 1985. 627pp. US $125.00.

?STANBUL KÜTÜPHANELER? ARAP HARFLERI SÜREL? YAYINLAR TOPLU KATALOGU 1828–1928. UNION CATALOGUE OF THE PERIODICALS IN ARABIC SCRIPT IN THE LIBRARIES OF ISTANBUL. Compiled by HASAN DUMAN. (Bibliographical Series, 3.) Istanbul, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 1406/1986. XXXVIII, 602pp. (24pp.‐Arabic). US $25.00

DALIL AL‐ABHATH AL‐TARIKHIYYA FI AL‐MAJALLAT AL‐SURIYYA. Compiled by MUHAMMAD MUTI’ AL‐HAFIZ and GHAZWAT BUDAYR. Damascus, Dar al‐Fikr, 1986. 224pp. 25 Syrian pounds or US $3.00.

AL‐FAHARIS AL‐TAHLILIYYA LI‐L‐TARBIYA AL‐'ARABIYYA AL‐ISLAMIYYA. Amman, Al‐Majma’ al‐Malaki li‐Buhūth al‐Hadara al‐Islamiyya, Mu'assasat Al al‐Bayt (Royal Academy for Islamic Civilization Research, Al Albait Foundation), 1985.2 vols. 228; 357pp.

HERB DRUGS AND HERBALISTS IN TURKEY. By K.H.C. BA?ER, GISHO HONDA and WATARU MIKI. (Studia Culturae Islamicae, 27.) Tokyo, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 1986. 300pp., illustrations.

HERB DRUGS AND HERBALISTS IN PAKISTAN. By KHAN USMANGHANI, GISHO HONDA and WATARU MIKI. (Studia Culturae Islamicae, 28.) Tokyo, do., 1986. 285pp., illustrations.

IRAN. Compiled by REZA NAVABPOUR. (World Bibliographical Series, 81.) Oxford, Clio Press, 1988. 310pp. £39.50.

IRAN AND THE WEST: A CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. By CYRUS GHANI. London, Kegan Paul International, 1987. viii, 967pp. £65.

FIHRIST‐E MAQALAT‐E JANG‐E TAHMILI DAR MATBU'AT‐E IRAN. Compiled by MARKAZ‐E MADARIK‐E FARHANGI‐YE INQILAB‐EISLAMI. Tehran, Wizärat‐e Irshad‐e Islami, 1364 [1986]. 438pp. 500 riyals.

MARCO POLO BIBLIOGRAPHY 1477–1983. MARUKO PORO SHOSHI. Compiled by HIROSHIWATANABE. Tokyo, The Toyo Bunko, 1986. 345pp.

THE HEIR OF PARHAM: ROBERT CURZON, 14th BARON ZOUCHE. By IAN H.C. FRASER. Alburgh, Paradigm Press, 1986. xviii, 230pp. 25 illustrations, map. £19.50.

BALKAN MILITARY HISTORY: A BIBLIOGRAPHY. By JOHN E. JESSUP. New York, Garland, 1986.478pp. US$ 66.00.

MUSLIM ARCHITECTURE OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA: EASTERN AND WESTERN SOURCES FOR HISPANO‐ISLAMIC BUILDING ARTS. By FRANÇOIS‐AUGUSTE DE MONTÊQUIN. West Cornwall (USA), Locust Hill Press, 1987. 241pp. US$30.00.

ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, OXFORD: CATALOGUE OF ISLAMIC SEALS AND TALISMANS. By LUDVIK KALUS. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1986. 120pp. 12 pages of illustrations. £40.00.

ARMENIAN RUGS FROM THE GREGORIAN COLLECTION: A CATALOGUE OF THE EXHIBITION ... 1986, MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, ST PETERSBURG, FLORIDA. By ARTHUR T. GREGORIAN and JOYCE GREGORIAN HAMPSHIRE. Newton (USA), the authors, 1986. 81pp. 46 ills., map.

500 ÉV OSZMÁN‐TÖRÖK SZONYEGMUVÉSZETE. FIVE HUNDRED YEARS IN THE ART OF OTTOMAN‐TURKISH CARPETMAKING. By FERENC BATÁRI. Budapest, Museum of Applied Art, 1986. [47]pp. 84 illustrations.

RÉGI KELETI SZONYEGEK BUDAPESTI MAGÁNGYUJTEMÉNYEKBOL. ANCIENT ORIENTAL RUGS FROM PRIVATE COLLECTIONS IN BUDAPEST. By FERENC BATÁRI. Budapest, Budapest Gallery and Museum of Applied Art, 1986. [31]pp. 46 illustrations. Ft. 50.‐

THE MEED MIDDLE EAST FINANCIAL DIRECTORY 1987. London, Middle East Economic Digest, 1987. 348pp. £60.00.

ARABIAN INSURANCE GUIDE, 1987. Compiled by PAUL LANG, JOANNE GIBBONS and ELIZABETH HUTCHINS. (Fourth Edition) Wellingborough, Beacon Publications, 1987. 198pp.

MIDDLE EAST ORGANIZATIONS IN WASHINGTON, DC: OCTOBER 1986. Compiled by THE MIDDLE EAST INSTITUTE. Washington, Middle East Institute, 1986. [vi], 82pp. US$ 6.00.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF THE THIRD WORLD. By GEORGE THOMAS KURIAN. New York & Oxford, Facts on File, 1987. 3 vols. 2342pp. Maps. £95.00.

AL‐MISBAH: STUDENTS’ DICTIONARY, ENGLISH‐ENGLISH‐ARABIC. Compiled by NAYEF KHARMA and ANTHONY EYRE. Beirut, Libraire du Liban & Harlow, Longman, 1986. XII, 442pp. £9.00.

HARRAP'S ENGLISH‐ARABIC BASIC LEARNER'S DICTIONARY. Edited by NAGI ABBOUD. London, Harrap, 1986. 369pp. £4.50.

AL‐MUGHNI AL‐AKBAR, A DICTIONARY OF CLASSICAL AND CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH (ENGLISH‐ARABIC). By HASAN S. KARMI. Beirut, Librairie du Liban, 1987. 1710pp. Coloured and monochrome plates. £49.50

A DICTIONARY OF EGYPTIAN ARABIC: ARABIC‐ENGLISH. Compiled by MARTIN HINDS and EL‐SAID BADAWI. Beirut, Librairie du Liban, 1986. 981pp. 10 plates. £45.00.

THE ENGLISH‐ARABIC DICTIONARY OF PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS TERMS. Compiled by SABA & CO. London, Middle East Economic Digest, 1987. 210pp. £30.

COMPARATIVE BASIC VOCABULARY OF KHONJI AND LARI. By KOJI KAMIOKA, ATAOLLAH RAHBAR and ALI AKBAR. (Larestani Studies 2; Studia Culturae Islamicae 30.) Tokyo, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 1986. 125pp.

PHILOLOGIA ARABICA: ARABISCHE STUDIEN EN DRUKKEN IN DE NEDER‐LANDEN IN DE 16de EN 17de EEUW. Edited by FRANCINE DE NAVE. (Publikaties van het Museum Plantin‐Moretus en het Stedeiijk Prentenkabinet, 3.) Antwerp, Museum Plantin‐Moretus, 1986. cxlix, 236pp. Plates.

GESCHICHTE UND FUNKTION EINIGER POLIT1SCHER TERMINI IM ARABISCHEN DES 19. JAHRHUNDERTS (1798–1882). By HELGA REBHAN. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 1986. 205pp. DM 68.‐

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF SOUTHERN ARABIC: MAHRI, GIBBALI AND SOQOTRI. By AKI'O NAKANO. (Studia Culturae Islamicae, 29.) Tokyo, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 1986. 182pp.

STRUKTURELLE GRAMMATIK DES NEUPERSISCHEN (FARSI). Bd. I. PHONOLOGIE. EINE PARADIGMATISCH‐SYNTAGMATISCHE DARSTELLUNG. By MOHAMMAD‐REZA MAJIDI. (Forum Phoneticum, Bd. 34, 1.) Hamburg, Helmut Buske Verlag, 1986. 355pp. DM64.‐

THE WEST BANK HANDBOOK: A POLITICAL LEXICON. By MERON BENVENISTI, with ZIAD ABU‐ZAYED and DANNY RUBINSTEIN. Jerusalem, Jerusalem Post, 1986. 228pp. Maps.

KUTADGU B?L?G GRAMER?: F??L. By AHMET B. ERC?LASUN. (Gazi Üniversitesi Yayin 33.) Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi Basin‐Yayin Yüksekokulu Basimevi, 1984. 196pp.     

Parent–Adolescent Interaction and Optimal Experience

Thirty adolescents and their parents participated in a study of family interaction and optimal experience. Family members completed questionnaires, and discussed 7 topics for approximately 30 minutes while being videotaped. The audio portion of the tape was replayed after the discussion, with pauses after each topic segment to allow family members an opportunity to complete a modified form of the Experience Sampling Method. Family interaction was coded by independent observers, and compared to family members' experiential reports. Results showed that family communication complexity (i.e., interaction characterized jointly by integrating and differentiating responses) was associated with family members' reports of more optimal experience (i.e., feelings of interest and/or flow experience). Segment-to-segment analyses added that increases and descreases in family members' interest were associated with upward and downward changes in communication complexity, respectively. These findings, and the novel methodological approach, are discussed in terms of their relevance for studying adolescent development in the family.     

Ownership conversions in health care organizations: who should benefit?

Because equity capital is becoming an important financing source for health care organizations, the conversion of many such organizations from nonprofit to for-profit status is a significant public policy issue. Since many states require converting nonprofits to repay the "community" for its investment during the nonprofit status period, three questions arise: (1) How much is the entity worth? (2) How much of that worth should be returned to the community? (3) In what form should it be returned? The paper addresses these questions, and demonstrates why responsible public policy calls for them to be carefully considered if community interests are to be preserved.     

Book Reviews

Mac and Supermac

Alistair Horne, Macmillan, 1894–1956 : Volume I of the Official Biography. (London: Macmillan, 1988. £16.95. ISBN 0 333 27691)

Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500–2000 (London and Sydney, 1988)

Edward N. Luttwak, Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace (Harvard University Press, 1987)

Henry Butterfield Ryan, The Vision of Anglo‐America: The US‐UK Alliance and the Emerging Cold War, 1943–1946 (Cambridge University Press, 1987)     

Campaign spending and Senate elections, 1978–84

This paper uses a sample of recent Senate election results and estimates vote equations that show challenger spending hurts, and incumbent spending helps, incumbent re-election. While both types of spending have diminishing returns, the effects are asymmetrical. Challenger spending is more productive at lower levels of spending, but incumbents can spend greater amounts more profitably than can challengers. These results can explain why Senate incumbents spend money, why they typically outspend their challenger, and why incumbents who can outspend their challenger would tend to be against spending limits or public financing.However, the results do not explain why incumbent spending does not work in House election equations. Jacobson and others have run countless linear and quadratic specifications that persistently show perverse effects for incumbent spending. These results are not affected by the procedural problem of logging observations that have a value of zero, and pose a genuine puzzle. There are other empirical results suggesting the idea that there are basic differences in the nature of elections between the House and Senate. For example, Grier and Carlson (1988) find that state-level economic conditions have a strong effect on individual Senate elections, while Owens and Olson (1980) find that district-level economic conditions have no effect on House elections. Since I show that there are a significant number of elections where incumbent spending does matter, and that simultaneity bias may not be a tenable explanation for results where incumbent expenditures do not matter, it may be time to take a new look at the House data or to develop a testable theory that can explain persistant empirical differences in the determinants of elections in the House and Senate.     

Charter High Schools’ Effects on Long‐Term Attainment and Earnings

Since their inception in 1992, the number of charter schools has grown to more than 6,800 nationally, serving nearly three million students. Various studies have examined charter schools’ impacts on test scores, and a few have begun to examine longer‐term outcomes including graduation and college attendance. This paper is the first to estimate charter schools’ effects on earnings in adulthood, alongside effects on educational attainment. Using data from Florida, we first confirm previous research (Booker et al., 2011 ) that students attending charter high schools are more likely to graduate from high school and enroll in college. We then examine two longer‐term outcomes not previously studied in research on charter schools—college persistence and earnings. We find that students attending charter high schools are more likely to persist in college, and that in their mid‐20s they experience higher earnings.