Abstract: While the mitochondrial control region has proven successful for human forensic evaluations by indicating ethnic origin, domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) of seemingly unrelated breeds often form large groups based on identical control region sequences. In an attempt to break up these large haplotype groups, we have analyzed the remaining c. 15,484 base pairs of the canine mitochondrial genome for 79 dogs and used phylogenetic and population genetic methods to search for additional variability in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We have identified 356 SNPs and 65 haplotypes in the remainder of the mitochondrial genome excluding the control region. The exclusion capacity was found to be 0.018. The mitochondrial control region was also evaluated for the same 79 dogs. The signals from the different fragments do not conflict, but instead support one another and provide a larger fragment of DNA that can be analyzed as forensic evidence. 相似文献
This paper reviews America's community corrections history in order to draw relevant penal policy implications for the Czech
Republic in their transition to democracy. The review reveals the implementation of numerous community-based correctional
programs that have resulted in mixed results, at best. The paper concludes that if the Czech Republic is to advance a new
and professional, effective penal system, they must address five critical areas: dealing with the Romany underclass, establishing
intermediate sanctions, promoting a professional correctional work force, confronting the media coverage of crime, and managing
the politics of crime policy.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
Is a national value such as free enterprise relevant to congressional debates of important economic policy bills? This question was examined using debates of three reform bills that dealt with savings and loan industry problems in the 1980s. To employ free enterprise concepts in justifying policy stands challenged legislators because industry problems contrasted sharply in the early 1980s (overregulation) and later (excesses under deregulation). Research demonstrated, however, that free enterprise concepts dominated the earlier discussions and, intriguingly, were at the center of the 1989 debate about bailing out the industry and reforming it. The conclusion elaborates free enterprise's role and speculates about the influence of another national value on the S & L discussions. Enactment of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery Enforcement Act of 19891 capped a decade of congressional struggle with the question of how to treat the problems of federal savings and loan institutions. Popularly known as “thrifts” or “S & Ls,” their status became a matter of increasing concern to Congress as the 1980s unfolded and public indignation over a prospective government bailout of unprecedented proportions mounted. This article focuses on an aspect of this struggle that has a larger significance, namely, the place of national values2 in the genesis of important economic policy statutes. Given the predilections of American society, the value that tends to loom largest in major economic policy debates is popularly know as “free enterprise” or “the market economy.” One may reasonably object that U.S. capitalism operates under a “mixed economy” whose features include enterprises owned or sponsored by the federal government as well as government subsidies and regulation of private businesses. The short answer to this objection is that the term free enterprise is used here in a mythic sense and “myths are an essential starting place for insights into how values shape policy…” (de Neufville and Barton, 1987). In essence, this article examines the following questions: (1) Did congressional debates on proposed statutes relate provisions of the 1980, 1982, and 1989 bills to free enterprise concepts? (2) If so, what adjustments were made in these concepts for the sharply contrasting circumstances encountered by S & Ls in the course of the decade? and (3) How was the peculiar relationship of government deposit insurance of S & L accounts to free enterprise treated in the bills? Two background sections introduce the discussion. 相似文献
Consider a group of people confronted with a dichotomous choice (for example, a yes or no decision). Assume that we can characterize each person by a probability, pi, of making the ‘better’ of the two choices open to the group, such that we define ‘better’ in terms of some linear ordering of the alternatives. If individual choices are independent, and if the a priori likelihood that either of the two choices is correct is one half, we show that the group decision procedure that maximizes the likelihood that the group will make the better of the two choices open to it is a weighted voting rule that assigns weights, wi, such that $$w_i \propto \log \frac{{p_i }} {{1 - p_i }}.$$ We then examine the implications for optimal group choice of interdependencies among individual choices. 相似文献
Abstract. Traditionally regulatory agencies have been viewed from a very narrow perspective, usually relating to control of natural monopolies. This discussion reports on an on-going research programme at the University of Windsor designed to provide information on regulatory agencies and the concept of regulation and the regulative process. This initial discussion outlines the operational definition of regulatory agencies, and then applies it to assorted statutory agencies throughout Canada. The discussion notes problems involved in compiling a list of manageable proportions, and then of devising analytical techniques. The paper concludes that legislators have been remiss in defining regulatory functions for administrative purposes and that they have tended to confuse regulatory, regulative, and adjudicatory functions to the detriment of all concerned. As well, the paper suggests a need for provincial governments to maintain accurate records of agencies and other delegated statutory powers and authorities. Sommaire. On considère traditionnellement les organismes de régulation dans une optique très étroite, généralement celle de la régulation des monopoles naturels. Cet exposé concerne le programme de recherche que poursuit l'université de Windsor, conçu pour fournir des renseignements sur les organismes de régulation et sur le concept de la régulation et de son processus. Le débat initial dégage la définition opérationnelle des organismes de régulation pour Fappliquer ensuite à une variété d'organismes de tout le Canada. L'auteur indique les problèmes que posent l'établissement d'une liste de dimensions raisonnables et la mise au point de techniques analytiques. Il conclut en declarant que les législateurs ont négligé de définir les fonctions de régulation à des fins administratives et qu'ils ont eu tendance à confondre les fonctions réglementaire, régulatrices et adjudicatrices au détriment de tous les intéressés. Il maintient aussi qu'il est nécessaire, pour les gouvernements provinciaux, de tenir des dossiers exacts des organismes auxquels ont été délégués des pouvoirs statutaires. 相似文献
Bill Jordan, The New Politics of Welfare (Sage, London, 1998), 260 pp., ISBN 0–7619–6022–8 (pb)
Michael Cox (ed.), Rethinking the Soviet Collapse. Sovietology, the Death of Communism and the New Russia (Pinter, London, 1998), 294 pp., ISBN 1–85567–321–5 (hb), 1–85567–322–3 (pb)
Adrian Little, Post‐industrial Socialism: Towards a New Politics of Welfare (Routledge, London, 1998), 190 pp., ISBN 0–415–17193–8 (hb), 0–415–17194–6 (pb)
Perry Anderson, The Origins of Postmodernity (Verso, London and New York, 1998), 143 pp., ISBN 1–85984–222–4 (pb), 1–85984–864–8 (hb)
Adrian Guelke, South Africa in Transition. The Misunderstood Miracle (I. B. Tauris, London, 1999), 224 pp., ISBN 1–86064–343–4 (hb)
Ryan Bishop and Lillian S. Robinson, Night Markets: Sexual Cultures and the Thai Economic Miracle (Routledge, London and New York, 1998), 278 pp., ISBN 0–415–91429–9 (pb)
Frank Field, Stakeholder Welfare (Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 1996), 114 pp., ISBN 0–255 36390–7 (pb)
David G. Green, Reinventing Civil Society; the Rediscovery of Welfare without Politics (Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 1993), 166 pp., ISBN 0–255 36279‐X (pb)
David G. Green, Benefit Dependency; how Welfare Undermines Independence (Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 1998), 49 pp., ISBN 0–255 36433–4 (pb)
Will Hutton, Stakeholding and its Critics (Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 1997), 102 pp., ISBN 0–255 36396–6 (pb)
Lawrence M. Mead, From Welfare to Work; Lessons from America (Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 1997), 155 pp., ISBN 0–255 36399–0 (pb) 相似文献