茜草素的抗菌活性与药效试验

用化学合成的茜草素做了体外抑菌试验、体内抗菌活性试验、人工感染猪多杀巴氏杆菌疗效试验、急性毒性试验及临床治疗试验。结果表明,茜草素在体外对金黄色葡萄球菌、变形杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌、绿脓杆菌、沙门菌和克雷伯氏菌等均有显著的抑制作用,对后4种病原菌的抑制作用超过了六茜素。在小白鼠体内对大肠埃希氏菌也有非常显著的抗菌作用。对人工感染多杀巴氏杆菌的患病仔猪有显著的治疗作用。小白鼠腹腔注射茜草素的LD50为336 mg/kg。茜草素对临床型乳牛乳腺炎的治愈率为87.5%,总有效率为100%。     

Student privacy rights involving strip searches

The Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution provides protection of all citizens against unreasonable search and seizure. The US Supreme Court has affirmed that the basic purpose of the Fourth Amendment is to safeguard the privacy and security of individuals against unreasonable intrusive searches by governmental officials. Since students possess constitutional rights and public school officials are considered governmental officials for Fourth Amendment purposes, privacy protection is afforded students in public schools within reasonable limits. A reasonable search is one that clearly does not violate the constitutional rights of students. What is reasonable, however, depends on the context within which a search occurs. Strip searches involving students in public schools are the most intrusive form of all searches. Extreme caution should be exercised by school officials regarding these types of searches.     

Congressional Performance,Incumbent Behavior,and Voting in Senate Elections

Conventional wisdom suggests that individual members of Congress have no real incentive to act in ways that might improve public evaluations of their collective body. In particular, the literature provides no clear evidence that public evaluations of Congress affect individual races for Congress, and little reason to expect that voters would hold specific individuals responsible for the institution's performance. We suggest that this conventional wisdom is incorrect. Using multiple state‐level exit polls of Senate voting conducted by Voter News Service in 1996 and 1998, we arrive at two key findings. First, we find that evaluations of Congress do have a significant effect on voting within individual U.S. Senate races across a wide variety of electoral contexts. Second, we find that punishments or rewards for congressional performance are not distributed equally across all members, or even across members of a particular party. Instead, we find that the degree to which citizens hold a senator accountable for congressional performance is significantly influenced by that senator's actual level of support for the majority party in Congress, as demonstrated on party votes.     

Keine Befreiung vom Anschluss- und Benutzungszwang an öffentliche Trinkwasserversorgung

Keine Zusammenfassung     

Interaction of butorphanol, with monoamine oxidase inhibitor, tranylcypromine.

This investigation examines the possibility of interaction between tranylcypromine and butorphanol in comparison to pethidine. The LD50 of pethidine and butorphanol were determined in mice pretreated with the non-selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, tranylcypromine orally for 8 days or with oral saline solution. Tranylcypromine decreased the LD50 of both pethidine and butorphanol by 78% and 41%, respectively. Anesthetized rabbits with halothane pretreated with tranylcypromine or saline were given pethidine (5 mg/kg i.v.) or butorphanol (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg i.v.). Pethidine produced a marked increase in blood pressure in rabbits pretreated with tranylcypromine and did not affect significantly the heart rate. Butorphanol did not affect either blood pressure or heart rate at doses of 0.5 or 1 mg/kg. However, the largest dose of butorphanol (2 mg/kg) produced hypotension and tachycardia in rabbits pretreated with tranylcypromine. Neither pethidine nor butorphanol affected the temperature of anesthetized rabbits pretreated with tranylcypromine or saline.     

Joint custody: a comprehensive review

This article presents a comprehensive overview of joint custody. The history and legislative implications are discussed, as are pertinent issues relative to the reported advantages and disadvantages of joint custody. Finally, the role of the mental health professional in assisting with counseling divorced families either before, during, or after a custody decision is discussed.