In October 1990, the EC Commission presented a Green Paper in which it outlined a New Approach to European standardization. In particular, standardization was interpreted as a means of furthering the completion of the Internal Market. This paper discusses the impact of the modifications to the process of standard setting, as they have been proposed by the Commission, with respect to the incentives and goals of the major players in the European standardization game, i.e., national and European standardization bodies, industry and the EC Commission. Selected economic models of standardization are applied to investigate the policy impact of the New Approach. 相似文献
The Recognition Memory Test (RMT) was compared to the Word Choice Test (WCT) within the same fixed neuropsychological battery administered to a mixed clinical sample of 237 adults to empirically evaluate the psychometric equivalence of these two instruments. On average, there was a 3-point difference in raw scores between the two instruments (MRMT?=?44.3, SDRMT?=?6.8; MWCT?=?47.1, SDWCT?=?4.6; p?.001, d?=?.48). The probability density functions differ substantially at the two ends of the scale but are similarly ≤42. Cross-validation analyses suggest that the RMT cutoff of ≤42 is functionally equivalent to a WCT score of ≤45. 相似文献
In a wage bargaining model, a stronger earnings relationship of unemployment benefits may reduce wages. Therefore, the benefit structure significantly influences profits and trade union utility, raising the question as to how the benefit structure is determined in the political process. We consider a government that chooses the earnings relationship in order to maximize its political support. Our model predicts a strong earnings relationship under right-wing governments and a weak relationship when unions are influential. Using panel data for 19 OECD countries, we find support for these theoretical predictions. Moreover, we show that the earnings relationship varies negatively with openness. 相似文献
In the past, improvements in craniofacial reconstructions (CFR) methodology languished due to the lack of adequate 3D databases that were sufficiently large and appropriate for 3‐dimensional shape statistics. In our study, we created the “FACE‐R” database from CT records and 3D surface scans of 400 clinical patients from Hungary, providing a significantly larger sample that was available before. The uniqueness of our database is linking of two data types that makes possible to investigate the bone and skin surface of the same individual, in upright position, thus eliminating many of the gravitational effects on the face during CT scanning. We performed a preliminary geometric morphometric (GMM) study using 3D data that produces a general idea of skull and face shape correlations. The vertical position of the tip of the (soft) nose for a skull and landmarks such as rhinion need to be taken into account. Likewise, the anterior nasal spine appears to exert some influence in this regard. 相似文献
This paper analyses equilibria of voting on commodity standards within the framework of a Farrell-Saloner model which takes into consideration the trade-off between network effects and losses from a reduction of variety. Social welfare implications are derived and discussed with respect to manipulations of majority rules. The findings indicate that welfare implications of standards are highly sensitive to the decision procedure and that the choice of the decision rule is non-trivial as it can at least prevent worst outcomes if not guarantee optimal results. 相似文献
This article analyzes the deep and shallow modes of international integration, semicore, semiperipheral, and peripheral profiles
of global insertion, and the presence and absence of transformative state capacity and social cohesion, as interacting dimensions
of capitalist diversity in post-socialist Eastern Europe and Latin America. On these grounds, it is argued that Cardoso and
Faletto’s dependent development paradigm maintains validity. When adapted to the new conditions, their approach is able to
capture the overlapping and divergent aspects of capitalist development in both regions. Recent patterns of development demonstrate
that although dependency, stemming from the unequal distribution of resources, roles, and opportunities, continues to be an
important aspect of the international division of labor, it ceases to contradict even complex forms of industrialization.
Similarly, notwithstanding the asymmetrical power relationships characterizing them, the new transnational integration regimes
allow and sometimes help formation of new nation states with improved regulatory capacities. Finally, dependency does not
necessarily undermine domestic social inclusion. Rather, it is up to the democratic competition to strike a balance between
the requirements of promising international and socially acceptable domestic integration. 相似文献
Presented at the Conference of Social Stratification and Mobility in Comparative Perspectives, Inter-University Centre, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, May 1986. 相似文献
Gradualist choice with question marks: an international panel of economists on the Hungarian transition
Istvan P. Szekely & David M. G. Newbery (eds), Hungary: An Economy in Transition. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press 1993.
Joseph Held, ed., Democracy and Right‐Wing Politics in Eastern Europe in the 1990s. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, vi + 232 pp., $40.50.
Stephen K. Batalden ed., Seeking God: The Recovery of Religious Identity in Orthodox Russia, Ukraine and Georgia. DeKalb, IL, Northern Illinois University Press, 1993, ix + 299 pp., $32.00.
K. Kaariainen, Atheism and Perestroika. Helsinki, Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1993, 189 pp., Finmarks 140.00.
Börje Ljunggren ed., The Challenge of Reform in Indochina. Boston, MA: Harvard Studies in International Development, Harvard University Press, 1993.
Valery Boldin, Ten Years that Shook the World. The Gorbachev Era as Witnessed by his Chief of Staff. London: Harper Collins, 1994, viii + 310 pp., £10.99, $25.00. 相似文献
This article estimates the returns to education for households who derive part of their income from household based non-farm self-employment ventures in rural Peru. While education is an individual level variable, earnings are observed at the household level. This asymmetry complicates both the estimation and the interpretation of the returns to education. This article is the first jointly to incorporate three channels through which education affects household earnings. Education affects earnings through the marginal productivity of labour (worker effect), labour allocation across activities (between-activity allocative effect) and its production externality effect (spillover effect). The results suggest that the between-activity allocative effects of education dominate the returns. This article also makes novel use of economic geography to proxy for the role that access to markets plays in determining these returns. In particular, altitude is a strong predictor of activity choice and the returns to education in this mountainous country. 相似文献