简论不定期刑制度

<正> 不定期刑制度最早出现于十九世纪中叶的德国。一八七六年美国纽约州通过的《教养院法》是美国采用不定期刑制度的最早的法律,之后,它逐渐被其它各州的法律所采用。不定期刑制度的特征,是法官在判决时,只作罪名的宣告,而剥夺罪犯自由的刑期则由行刑部门在行刑过程中视罪犯接受矫正的实际表现和效果来确定。不定期刑分为绝对不定期刑和相对不定期刑,前者是在宣告刑中完全不规定服刑期限,后者则是在宣告刑中只规定刑期的上限或者只规定刑期的下限。目前,大多数实行不定期刑制度的国家已取消了绝对不定期刑,而趋     

当代美国外交实践的悖论——国际法与国内法关系的一元论视角

当代美国外交实践有时采取国际法凌驾于国内法的做法,而有时把国内法凌驾于国际法之上,从而形成了外交实践的悖论。这个悖论涉及国际法与国内法关系问题上一元论两种学说的争论,反映了美国外交实践的矛盾性。但是一个国家在不同的时空中变换采用一元论的两种学说,形成法制体系隔空隔时的矛盾只是表面的问题,实质上美国无论采取国际法高于国内法的做法,还是采取国内法高于国际法的外交,都是为了特定时空内的美国利益最大化。     

论中非科技合作:战略意义、政策导向和机制架构

中非科技合作是提升南南合作竞争力、建构新型南北关系的一个支点,是新时期深化中非关系的一方舞台,是助推中非双方共同发展的一股动力,战略意义突出。中非科技合作在政策导向上以增强非洲国家能力建设为要务,以互利共赢为原则,以现实需求为出发点,以政府引导为保障,相应的机制架构包括多边机制、双边机制和专门机制等多个层次,正步入一个快速发展阶段,需要在配套体系建设、打造"企业+技术"的走出去模式、民间力量动员等方面加以重视,以期为微观实践提供更有力的指导和促进。     

黑龙江检察研究与检察改革情况报告

一、检察研究的总体情况近年来,黑龙江省检察研究工作以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,紧紧围绕党的中心工作和检察工作的需要,推进检察理论研究,提高干警素质,为检察工作的持续发展提供理论支撑,取得了良好的效果,有一大批论文获国家、省级、地级奖励,全省涌现了一批高检院授予的先进理论研究组织和     

回族教育的当代抉择

由于回族本身所具有的特点,回族教育呈现出宗教教育与世俗教育双重性的特点。回族教育在长期的发展过程中,面临着“两难选择”。如何正确认识二者的关系,是回族教育得以发展的关键所在。在现实生活中,回族穆斯林必须首选世俗教育即普通教育作为回族教育的重心,伊斯兰宗教教育应成为推动回族普通教育发展的促动器。     

论明政府在贵州的兴教举措

贵州建省以后,为了有效开发贵州的人力资源,尽快推进贵州与内地的政治经济一体化,明统治者把“变夷俗以敷教化”作为治黔重心,注意建设贵州的文化教育事业。明政府在贵州实行的多层次办学、多形式兴教等举措不仅使贵州的学校教育具有多元化的地方特色,而且也为后世发展民族教育积累了宝贵的经验教训。     

贵州民族自治地方民族语言使用及权益保障情况调查报告

文章就贵州省民族自治地方民族语言的使用及权益保障情况作了简要的介绍 ,指出其存在 :认识欠统一、制度不健全、经费匮乏、法制建立不完善几方的问题 ,并提出了合理的建议。     

In the Line of Fire—21st-Century Approach to an Ancient War Injury

Abstract:  Authentic black-powder muzzle-loader weapons or replicas are used today primarily for re-enactments of historic battles. A lay actor playing the role of a Prussian infantryman sustained life-threatening gunshot injuries during a recent re-enactment of a historic battle of the Sixth Coalition. As only blank historic muzzle-loading weaponry was used, the origin of the missile causing the wounding was initially unclear. Further investigation revealed a ramrod that had been propelled out of the barrel of another gunner's smooth-bore gun as cause of injury. The ramrod was hurled on a trajectory of more than 20 m, breaking the victim's shouldered barrel and hitting the victim resulting in severe abdominal, thoracic, and upper limb injuries. The critical incidents while handling muzzle-loading weaponry leading to premature discharge are elucidated. Furthermore, this report demonstrates how actual diagnostics and subsequent surgical treatment enabled this infantryman to survive an injury to which his comrades-in-arms would have succumbed 200 years ago.     

Involvement of Amphetamines in Sudden and Unexpected Death

Abstract:  In the present study, the effects of amphetamine-class drugs were examined in cases reported to the Victorian coroner from 2001 to 2005 to determine if death can occur from the use of amphetamine-class drugs alone. A total of 169 cases were reviewed where a forensic autopsy detected amphetamine(s) in the blood. Pathology, toxicology, and police reports were analyzed in all cases to ascertain the involvement of amphetamine-class drugs in these deaths. In Victoria, methamphetamine (MA) is the principal abused amphetamine-class followed by methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). There were six cases in which a cerebral hemorrhage caused death and three cases in which serotonin syndrome was established as being caused by the interaction of MDMA and moclobemide. There were 19 cases in which long-term use of amphetamines was associated with heart disease. There were three cases where amphetamine-class drugs alone were regarded as the cause of death, of which two cases exhibited high levels of MDMA and lesser amounts of MA and/or amphetamine. There were no cases in which significant natural disease was absent and death was regarded as caused by the use of MA. There was no correlation between blood concentration of drug and outcome.     

Higher Capillary Electrophoresis Injection Settings as an Efficient Approach to Increase the Sensitivity of STR Typing

Abstract:  Evidentiary traces may contain low quantities of DNA, and regularly incomplete short tandem repeat (STR) profiles are obtained. In this study, higher capillary electrophoresis injection settings were used to efficiently improve incomplete STR profiles generated from low-level DNA samples under standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions. The method involves capillary electrophoresis with higher injection voltage and extended injection time. STR peak heights increased six-fold. Inherent to the analysis of low-level DNA samples, we observed stochastic amplification artifacts, mainly in the form of allele dropout and heterozygous peak imbalance. Increased stutter ratios and allele drop-in were rarely seen. Upon STR typing of 10:1 admixed samples, the profile of the major component did not become overloaded when using higher injection settings as was observed upon elevated cycling. Thereby an improved profile of the minor component was obtained. For low-level DNA casework samples, we adhere to independent replication of the PCR amplification and boosted capillary electrophoresis.