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71.
This paper compares and contrasts South East Asian and European Union countries’ perceptions of the priorities for anti money
laundering (AML) and anti terrorist finance (ATF) in relation to three industries: security goods and services; the timber
trade; and ‘informal’ value transfer and banking services. It might be expected that all countries would equally support each
of these aspects of AML/ATF policies, without differentiating between the industries generating the proceeds. As this paper
will show, however, historical experiences, contemporary political relations and patterns of trade shape countries’ approaches,
resulting in distinctive enthusiasms and reservations. In a nutshell, the EU points most strongly to products and services
originating in Asia as posing AML/CTF risks, and locates primary responsibility for monitoring and control as falling within
Asia - a projection of risk and responsibility that is reciprocated by Asian countries. Asian countries perceive a need for
tighter control of dangerous products exported by the west, for example, small arms and light weapons, and of related money
laundering circuits. Asian and European policy makers increasingly articulate concerns over illegal logging and related laundering,
however European importers and their governments see responsibilities for this as falling primarily within Asia. Finally,
the EU (like the US) perceives high levels of laundering risk in ‘informal’ value transfer/banking services, in which Asian-run
businesses have a global competitive advantage. For the future, as the international balance of trade shifts, and as Asia
increases its influence in international fora including those concerned with AML/CTF, so the region’s policy preferences may
be expected to carry more weight.
相似文献
Michael LeviEmail: |
72.
Coalitions of organizations are cooperative arrangements that require ongoing management of conflicts among members and potential members. Using data on both successful and unsuccessful attempts at coalition building during the 1999 protests against the WTO in Seattle, we explain the variation in the formation of one type of coalition of organizations, the 'event coalition', in which social movement organizations coalesce around a specific protest event. We find that objectively common organizational interests and framing are necessary but not sufficient for explaining coalition partnering. Organizational representatives must also calculate a benefit from pooled resources and be able to commit credibly to delivering promised resources and to resolving the inevitable tensions that arise among coalition partners. 相似文献
73.
Michael Levi Alan Doig Rajeev Gundur David Wall Matthew Williams 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2017,67(1):77-96
The nature of the risk or threat posed by ‘cyberfraud’ - fraud with a cyber dimension – is examined empirically based on data reported by the public and business to Action Fraud. These are used to examine the implications for a more effective risk-based response, both by category of fraud and also responding to cyberfraud generally, not just in the UK. A key characteristics of cyberfraud is that it can be globalised, unless there are major national differences in attractiveness of targets or in the organisation of control. This does not mean that all cyberfraud is international, however: not only do some involve face to face interactions at some stage of the crime cycle, but in online auction selling frauds, it appears to be common for the perpetrators and victims to reside in the same country. After reviewing patterns and costs of victimisation and their implications for control, the paper concludes that any law enforcement response must begin by being strategic: which other public and private sector bodies should be involved to do what; what should be the specific roles and responsibilities of the police and where ‘problem ownership’ should lie; what are we willing to pay for (in money and effort) for greater cybersecurity and how to reduce ‘market failure’ in its supply; and, how that security is going to be organised for and/or by the huge numbers of businesses and people that are (potentially) affected. 相似文献
74.
Much has been written since the early 1980s about the costs of regulation and the various ways to curb them, but thus far no one has examined empirically the rise or decline of other forms of legislation, mainly primary legislation, in the context of the “war on regulation.” This article examines the extent to which the decline in the rate of production of secondary legislation in Israel since 1985 has been driven by changes in the rate of production of primary legislation. Using an original longitudinal data set, we count, codify various dimensions, and compare the type and length of primary and secondary legislations and the number of delegated provisions that primary legislations contain. We find that the relationship between primary and secondary legislation is not hierarchic, as one might have expected, but has become partially substitutive. The decline in the rate of production of secondary legislation in Israel is, perhaps paradoxically, associated with the rise of primary legislation. This opens a new research agenda on the relationships between primary and secondary legislation that goes well beyond the Israeli case. 相似文献
75.