Evaluation of postmortem redistribution phenomena for commonly encountered drugs

We described the findings of a study into the post-mortem redistribution (PMR) of 76 drugs found in 129 drug-related cases between 2006 and 2009. Seventy six drugs (psychotropic drugs (n=14), antidepressants (n=9), sedatives (n=6) and so on) were simultaneously quantified in cardiac and peripheral blood by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The absence, possibility or presence of PMR of drugs was determined according to the ratios of cardiac to femoral blood concentrations (C/P ratios). Proxyphylline (C/P ratio: 0.85) showed no PMR; carbamazepine was not subject to PMR; a potential for PMR of lorazepam and mirtrazapine cannot be excluded; chlordiazepoxide is subject to PMR; acetaminophen and alprazolam exhibit minimal PMR; amitriptyline and benztropine exhibit PMR. Codeine (C/P ratio: 4.9), zolpidem (C/P ratio: 3.74), chlorpromazine (C/P ratio: 2.97), fluoxetine (C/P ratio: 2.83) and propranolol (C/P ratio: 2.72) had the largest C/P ratios. Postmortem drug concentrations showed variations depending on sampling sites and characteristics of the drugs. It is continuously necessary to analyze commonly used or abused drugs in simultaneously collected cardiac and peripheral blood to establish significant reference values for PMR. These findings can be used to reach a conclusion about the cause and manner of death.     

宪法实施与中国社会治理模式的转型

30年来,在中国社会的改革开放进程中,1982年宪法成为国家与社会生活的重要内容,奠定了国家治理的正当性基础,确立了国家与社会的价值观与目标,推动了中国社会的发展与进步。1982年宪法为中国社会发展作出的重要贡献之一是通过宪法治理初步形成了社会共识,凝聚了民心,维护了国家统一与社会稳定。未来的宪法发展应当以宪法理念为本,重视宪法运行机制,以宪法意识处理国家和社会事务,通过宪法的发展推动国家社会的发展,维护人类和平与人的价值。     

Developmental validation of the AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler® Plus PCR Amplification Kit: an established multiplex assay with improved performance

Abstract: Analysis of length polymorphism at short tandem repeat (STR) loci utilizing multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) remains the primary method for genotyping forensic samples. The AmpF?STR^® Identifiler^® Plus PCR Amplification Kit is an improved version of the AmpF?STR^® Identifiler^® PCR Amplification Kit and amplifies the core CODIS loci: D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, CSF1PO, FGA, TH01, TPOX, and vWA. Additional loci amplified in the multiplex reaction are the sex‐determinant, amelogenin, and two internationally accepted loci, D2S1338 and D19S433. While the primer sequences and dye configurations were unchanged, the AmpF?STR^® Identifiler^® Plus PCR Amplification Kit features an enhanced buffer formulation and an optimized PCR cycling protocol that increases sensitivity, provides better tolerance to PCR inhibitors, and improves performance on mixture samples. The AmpF?STR^® Identifiler^® Plus PCR Amplification Kit has been validated according to the FBI/National Standards and Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) guidelines. The validation results support the use of the AmpF?STR^® Identifiler^® Plus PCR Amplification Kit for human identity and parentage testing.     

民事证据客观全面收集原则质疑

一些法学著述把客观全面收集作为民事诉讼证据收集的原则或要求之一,这在人民法院主导证据收集的职权主义时期是不容置疑的。但是随着民事诉讼体制和模式的转型,在当今的我国司法实践中,证据收集已转变成当事人主导型。与此相适应,证据收集的原则也应有所调整,即从客观全面收集转换成收集必要证据的原则。否则,将因与时不合而令人生疑。     

The impact of juveniles' ages and levels of psychosocial maturity on judges' opinions about adjudicative competence

This study investigated whether defendants' ages and levels of psychosocial maturity would affect judges' ratings of juveniles' adjudicative competence in juvenile and criminal court. Three hundred forty two judges reviewed a forensic psychological report about a hypothetical defendant; only the defendant's age (12-17) and maturity level (mature, immature) varied across reports. Results revealed a main effect of age, with older juveniles generally deemed more competent, and a main effect of maturity, with mature juveniles generally deemed more competent. No interaction was found. Results suggest that age and maturity play major roles in judicial determinations of juvenile competency.     

What puts women at risk of violence from their husbands? Findings from a large, nationally representative survey in Turkey

A large, nationally representative, cross-sectional survey was conducted in Turkey in 2008. In this survey, which used the WHO (World Health Organization) study module on violence, information about lifetime and current violence (past 12 months) was obtained using weighted, stratified, and multistage cluster sampling. This article describes factors associated with physical or sexual violence experienced by ever-married women, aged 15 to 49, from their current or most recent husbands in the 12 months before the survey. Logistic regression analysis is used to describe the risk and protective factors from a considerable range of explanatory variables. The findings confirm that many factors are similar to the experiences of other countries. The physical or sexual violence experienced by ever-married women from their husbands was 15.1%. The violence experienced by women is significantly positively associated with early childhood abuse experiences of both women and their husbands; marriages decided by families or others; husband's behaviors such as drunkenness, adultery, controlling women's behavior, and preventing contact with women's family and friends. The age of the women, their contribution to the household income, support from women's families, women's acceptance of male authority, and nonpartner violence experience as well as regional differentials also affect the risk of violence. No significant associations were found with the employment status of women and men or education difference. This study, as one of the largest surveys ever conducted on the issue of domestic violence using face-to-face interviews, demonstrated how the patriarchal family structure still affects women's lives in Turkey. This is particularly significant, given Turkey's setting between traditional and modern values.     

谈社区民警如何做好群众工作

提高做群众工作的能力,是公安机关关注民生的具体体现,是上级领导机关对基层派出所的要求,也是社区民警做好社区警务工作的根本保证。当前,随着城乡社区警务工作的深入开展,切实提高社区民警做群众工作的能力,已经成为基层派出所一项重大而紧迫的任务和课题。     

究竟是什么决定经济发展?——论资源枯竭型城市的转型发展之道

资源、技术以及制度等因素都被认为是经济增长的源泉,该文通过回顾前人相关研究文献,认为优质的资源禀赋并非经济发展的必要条件。该文选取了日本及外国资源枯竭型城市作为研究样本,分别对其具体做法及成功转型经验加以归纳、分析,认为开源节流与因地制宜并重、产业多元化、产业结构升级等是成功转型的普遍做法。该文最后提出了相关的政策建议。     

言说的短路与表达的困境——公共行政的话语危机分析

当前社会频频发生的话语事件揭示了公共行政的话语危机。一方面,政府言说出现了广泛的短路现象,其表现是政府及其官员的言说缺位,不被信任,难于理解,伤害民众的情感;另一方面,公民表达也存在着许多困境,诸如不被倾听,得不到重视,效率很低等。行政话语危机的原因多种多样,主要与专制政治的历史惯性、权力与权利的不对称、表达能力的欠缺、双边互信的衰落以及官僚语言的特性等密切相关。超越行政话语的危机,要求从理念、制度、技术和技能等方面创造条件,建构和完善多元化的行政对话制度。     

从劳动法案例看德国的司法文化

司法的现代化是一个系统工程,其涉及到司法器物、制度、观念三个层次.而司法主体观念的现代化具有更重要的意义.有鉴于此,笔者考察了一些当前德国司法上的劳动法案例,来透视德国"活"的司法文化,以期通过这样的努力,给我国当前的司法文化建设以深刻启示.