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301.
This paper presents a logical approach to the problem of devising socially acceptable policy for the operation of a corrections system. As an alternative to considering separately the frequently mentioned, but conflicting goals of providing rehabilitation, retribution, detention of dangerous criminals, and general and specific deterrence of criminal behavior, the authors suggest that the goal be couched in terms of minimizing the social cost of crime. By developing a model which illustrates how the corrections process relates to the various facets of the criminal justice system, and by isolating the functional relationships which must be taken into account, the authors are able to show there is an optimal level of rehabilitation, detention, and deterrence associated with a socially optimal level of criminal activity and criminal justice control activity. Although much remains to be learned before such a model can be effectively implemented, considerable research has already pointed the way for learning how to more effectively balance the alternatives for policy. An enumeration of the policy implications of the model identifies targets for further research. 相似文献
302.
303.
304.
Estimation of postmortem interval. Temperature-correction of extracellular abdominal impedance during the first 21 days of death 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Extracellular impedance of the intact abdomen of rats increased from 79.0+/-7.4Omega, 1h postmortem (i.e. 0.04 day), to 130.5+/-14.4Omega at postmortem interval (PMI)=1 day. Impedance then decreased with time, reaching 64.2+/-9.9Omega at PMI=21 days. The time taken for mean abdominal impedance to decrease below the value at PMI=0.04 day averaged 16 days. It is therefore impossible, using extracellular abdominal impedance alone, to distinguish (in terms of interpolating PMI) between numerically equal impedances on the rising and falling phases of curves depicting impedance as a function of PMI.Correction of measured impedances to their theoretically-predicted values at an arbitrarily chosen temperature of 40 degrees C appreciably diminished the magnitude of the increase in impedance following death. Thus, temperature-corrected abdominal impedance increased from 56.2+/-4.8Omega at PMI=0.04 day to 59.5+/-6.2Omega at PMI=1 day. Impedance then decreased, reaching 29.2+/-4.1Omega at PMI=21 days. The time taken for mean, temperature-corrected abdominal impedance to decrease below the value at PMI=0.04 day averaged 3 days (as opposed to 16 days (see above) in the absence of temperature-correction).These findings are believed to improve the usefulness of extracellular abdominal impedance as a potential tool for estimation of postmortem interval. 相似文献
305.
D.J. Ballard E. Musgrave-Brown L. Khan C. Harrison C. Phillips C.R. Thacker D. Syndercombe Court 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2009,2(1):153-154
Analysis with commonly available STR kits can sometimes fail to produce sufficient information in immigration cases containing only one parent. In these cases, not only does paternity/maternity need to be assured, but also other possible relationships dismissed (e.g. avuncular relationships).We have taken more than 50 of these cases and investigated which type of additional marker produces the greatest benefits: 48 SNPs or 6 additional informative STRs (including 5 additional markers from the new European extended set). The results of this analysis show the SNPs to be of greater value. 相似文献
306.
O. Bulbul C. Phillips D. Argac M.S. Shahzad M. Fondevilla E. Acar A.F. Aradas G. Filoglu H. Altuncul 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2009,2(1):129-130
In the last few years genetic identification and paternity testing have begun to make increasing use of autosomal SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) typing as a supplement or alternative to STR analysis. With the improvement in detection technology SNP analysis is likely to be easier and more sensitive, with the generation of new methods and multiplex systems for a growing array of SNP markers. SNPforID consortium developed 52 SNP PCR multiplex for human identification purposes detected with 23 plex and 29 plex single base extension reactions (Auto1 and 2 respectively). In this study, internal validation for the 29 SNPs of Auto2 was carried out by performing a 29 plex PCR and single base extension reaction on control samples and previously analyzed forensic casework and subsequent detection with an AB 310 Genetic Analyzer. We tested the accuracy, precision, sensitivity and reproducibility of the Auto2 multiplex with this instrument in our laboratory. We used 9947A control DNA samples of the AmpF?STR Identifiler™ kit to test the validation parameters together with non-probative DNA samples from whole blood and buccal swab samples of 29 healthy donors from different parts of Istanbul. Good results were obtained but interpretation of the peak patterns obtained on the AB 310 requires care and thorough optimization before they can be readily compard to those obtained from multiple capillary AB 31xx Analyzers. We succesfully optimized and validated the SNPforID Auto2 multiplex system for identification analyses in our laboratory. 相似文献
307.
We demonstrate that fixed- and random-effects models for pooled cross-sectional and time series data, and latent growth curve
models for panel data are special cases of a more general model. We compare the estimates obtained from each type of model
for a data set consisting of homicide rates and a vector of explanatory variables for 400 US counties over a 15-year period.
Most, but not all, estimates are similar in the two models. We identify circumstances under which one approach may be advantageous
to the other.
相似文献
David F. GreenbergEmail: |
308.
Phillips ND 《Journal of interpersonal violence》2009,24(5):883-905
Since the development of bias crime legislation over the past few decades, scholars have debated the merits of the legislation and questioned its enforcement.(1) In light of such concerns, this study presents characteristics of all cases prosecuted as bias crimes in a New Jersey county between 2001 and 2004 and applies the hate crime typology originally developed in 1993. Results show that, in this jurisdiction, the typology is an inadequate tool for classifying cases prosecuted as hate crimes. Approximately one third of the cases are unclassifiable according to the typology. Findings indicate that the typology is useful for understanding cases in which bias is the sole motivation but inadequate for application to the many cases in which bias is a peripheral motivation. 相似文献
309.
This study uses the population registers of 17 Kyoto neighborhoods to address marriage in Kyoto. Our analyses focus on the age differences between spouses and intermarriage between Kyoto natives and migrants from other provinces. Our previous analysis showed that the median age at marriage was tightly linked to life-cycle service in Kyoto with male and female ages at marriage corresponding to the end of the service period. Later analyses have shown that a third or more of the live-in employees listed as “servants” were migrants to Kyoto from other provinces, and males predominated in the migrants in the Kyoto population at ages after the service period ended. We find that migrants who remained in Kyoto married and all others left. We also find that those who remained were likely to marry Kyoto natives and the age differences between spouses was often relatively small. 相似文献
310.
Louise Thompson 《The Political quarterly》2020,91(2):457-460
Reshuffles are a relatively common occurrence in British politics. We expect to see them whenever a new Prime Minister enters Downing Street, after elections and following ministerial resignations. Recent research from the Institute for Government warns that the regular churn of ministers has negative consequences for policy making and for parliamentary accountability. This article summarises their latest research and what this tells us about the potential implications of Boris Johnson’s February 2020 reshuffle on government and Parliament. 相似文献