英国公用事业改制的历史经验与启示

英国城市公用事业,从19世纪的私营开始,经过19世纪中下叶的市营,再到20世纪40年代的国有化进程,逐渐把英国的公用事业与纯粹追求利润的一般工业区分开来,照顾到其公益性目标。80年代的私有化浪潮则再度把城市公用事业出售给了私人。在这个看似圆圈形的发展进程中,涉及公用事业的两次转型。这几次转型中的公正性主要是通过三个原则来保证的:一是依据法律来实行公用事业的转型;二是设立有效的监督机制;三是照顾私人的利益,防止侵犯私有财产的权益。由此基本上做到了既保护了公众的利益,保障了私有财产不受侵犯的原则,又大体保护了国有资产,防止其贬值或无端流失。当然,其中的不足之处也是不容忽视的。     

关键是要抓好党的自身建设

我们党要带领人民夺取全面建设小康社会新胜利,开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面,关键是要抓好党的自身建设。这是胡锦涛     

IN SYNC,NOW AND FOREVER

The Olympic arena serves as a place to share joy and sportsmanship Ailing, 18, became China’s first female gold medalist on snow, performing a previously unseen trick in the freeski big air competition at the Olympic Winter Games Beijing 2022 on February 8.     

以共享促共生:疫情冲击下全球治理转型的中国推进

新冠肺炎疫情作为当今世界面临的最严峻的全球性问题,其应对最有效的路径仍是全球治理。危机之下人类社会的存续需要超越私利实现国家间共生。相对于西方传统的全球治理理念,中国方案基于对疫情下全球化时代的共生性判读,明确了推动构建命运共同体的共生型全球治理目标,推动全球治理转型从消极共生向积极共生实现结构优化。然而,依靠共生自身升级的滞缓性与现实需求的迫切性之间存在矛盾,"共生"在资源分配、认同建构以及合作实现等方面并不具备必然性,无法为现实问题的解决提供普遍化的标杆与规范,需要借助"共享"的理念工具进行有效助推。具体来说,就是以共生关系的主体性、共生纽带以及共生底线为出发,从资源配置的优化、主体认同的强化以及和谐包容的价值引领三方面着手,将共享理念融入到人类命运共同体的建构中,并通过中国对全球治理转型的过程参与,有效实现共享从理念引领到现实助推的功能转换,为新型的共生型全球治理模式的良性运作提供助力。     

Work,fertility, and the status of women in Mexico

Among the major transformations affecting Mexican women in recent decades were their growing participation in the labor market and the fertility decline that began in the 1970s with widespread access to contraception. Data from 3 major Mexican fertility surveys, employment surveys, and censuses are used to analyze changes in female employment and their determinants during the years of economic recession in the 1980s. The main characteristics of the Mexican fertility decline are described, and the relationship between fertility and female employment before and during the economic recession is scrutinized for different social sectors. Suggestions for research on the affects of these changes on the social condition of Mexican women are then presented. The proportions of Mexican women over 12 years old who declared themselves economically active increased from 16% in 1970 to 21% in 1979 and 32% in 1987. Until the 1970s the majority of employed women were young and single or childless. But a clear increase occurred between 1976-87 in the economic participation of older women in union. Economic participation of low income and less educated women increased as they sought work or created their own in response to deteriorating living conditions during the recession. Young women with intermediate or higher educational levels did not increase their relative presence in the labor market in the same period. The marked increase in economic participation of less educated women in union with small children was accompanied by a significant increase in manual occupations. Between 1982-87, the proportion of women aged 20-49 in nonsalaried manual occupations rose from 7.6% to 18.5%. Mexico's fertility decline has been well documented. The total fertility rate declined from 6.3 in 1973 to 3.8 in 1986, while the percentage of women in union using a contraceptive method increased from 30.2 in 1976 to 52.7 in 1987. Fertility differentials have been declining but are still considerable. The inhibitory influence of children on female labor force participation in Mexico is clear, but in the years of economic recession the most notable increase in female workers was in women with 3 or more children of whom the youngest was under 3. It appears that the influence of children on women's employment depends on the socioeconomic status of the woman as well as on the dynamism or sluggishness of the labor market. Research is needed on the significance of changes in fertility and female employment for women's status in Mexico. Several recent works have presented results of microsocial analyses of the ways in which women experience changes in their lives resulting from fertility and employment decisions. A methodological strategy for studying these changes and their influence on women's status should focus on comparisons between different generations and birth cohorts, different types of employment, and different socioeconomic statuses. Both macrosocial and microsocial forms of analysis are needed to provide a full picture.     

浅析规则实施与制度变迁绩效对我国经济改革的启示

诺思模型是从制度变迁的角度对西方经济发展进行的描述 ,其偏重于效率的考虑 ,没有重点阐释制度框架下规则的实施与贯彻。而制度变迁与规则实施的交互作用共同对经济发展产生重大影响的阐述 ,对我国经济改革的推进有重要的启示作用     

关于完善司法鉴定技术标准的几点思考

制定和完善司法鉴定行业鉴定技术标准是一项艰巨的系统工程 ,目前除法医学和司法精神病学出台了由国家相关部门联合制定颁布的统一适用的行业技术标准外 ,多数鉴定专业领域的鉴定技术标准和规范尚属空白。因而 ,确立司法鉴定统一的管理机关具体负责技术标准的制定修订工作尤为迫切 ,这是每一位专业技术鉴定人员面临的重要课题。