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171.
Together with the WTO, the Bretton Woods Institutions are thepreeminent international institutions devoted to managing internationaleconomic relations. This mandate puts them squarely in the centerof the debate concerning development, inequality and globaljustice. This essay explores how justice criteria might applyto the ideology and operations of the World Bank and the InternationalMonetary Fund. Using the Rawlsian model of egalitarian justiceadapted to international institutions by the author in connectionwith the WTO, this essay asks what difference it would makefor the Bank and Fund if an explicit justice framework informedtheir international lending activities. 相似文献
172.
Mályusz V Schmidt M Simeoni E Poetsch M Schwark T Oehmichen M von Wurmb-Schwark N 《Archiv für Kriminologie》2007,220(1-2):25-35
Autosomal STR typing alone seems to be no sufficient tool for resolving deficiency cases (e.g. cases of questioned paternity or half-sibships). Therefore, we investigated whether the additional analysis of RFLP single locus probes can improve the solution of such complicated kinship cases. We analyzed 207 children and men from 101 families using the AmpFlSTRIdentifiler multiplex PCR kit and three RFLP single locus probes. A comparison between each child and all unrelated men resulted in 11,023 man / child pairs. Less than three excluding STRs were found in 125 child / unrelated man pairs (1.13%). Additional analysis of RFLP results reduced the number of ambiguous cases to 35. Half-sibling pairs were simulated using STR results from 20 cases with high paternity probabilities (group 1) and relatively low paternity probabilities (group 2). Using a commercially available computer program we calculated probabilities for 778 half-sibling pairs. In 35 pairs (4.49%) half-sibling probabilities over 90.0% could be calculated. Additional investigation of RFLP single locus probes did not lead to a more reliable evaluation of these results. The combined investigation of autosomal STRs and RFLP single locus probes can satisfactorily solve deficient paternities but does not contribute to the solution of questioned half-sibships. 相似文献
173.
Collins M Heagney A Cordaro F Odgers D Tarrant G Stewart S 《Journal of forensic sciences》2007,52(4):898-903
Five 44 gallon drums labeled as glycidyl methacrylate were seized by the Australian Customs Service and the Australian Federal Police at Port Botany, Sydney, Australia, in December 2004. Each drum contained a white, semisolid substance that was initially suspected to be 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA). Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis demonstrated that the material was neither glycidyl methacrylate nor MDMA. Because intelligence sources employed by federal agents indicated that this material was in some way connected to MDMA production, suspicion fell on the various MDMA precursor chemicals. Using a number of techniques including proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((13)C NMR), GC/MS, infrared spectroscopy, and total synthesis, the unknown substance was eventually identified as methyl 3-[3',4'(methylenedioxy)phenyl]-2-methyl glycidate. The substance was also subjected to a published hydrolysis and decarboxylation procedure and gave a high yield of the MDMA precursor chemical, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone, thereby establishing this material as a "precursor to a precursor." 相似文献
174.
Heyne M Obert M Birngruber CG Ramsthaler F Kerstin K Verhoff MA 《Archiv für Kriminologie》2010,226(3-4):83-98
An unstable hyoid bone that can be loosely moved during autopsy is initial reason to suspect trauma to the neck. The question to be answered is whether the increased mobility is due to incomplete ossification of the hyoid, a postmortem injury (damage), or an ante-mortem injury, possibly related to the cause of death. This is the first study to systematically assess whether stereomicroscopic examinations and flat-panel CT-scans of isolated, unstable hyoid bones can add information to the macroscopic examination by helping to determine when the instability arose. Sixteen isolated hyoid bones (8 female, 8 male; 4-87 years-old) were examined after being macerated. Four of the hyoid bones were already classified as unstable during autopsy. Of the other 12, 7 were fractured immediately after autopsy before being macerated, and 5 were fractured after being macerated. There were, in total, six different diagnostic constellations. Stereo-microscopic examination did not yield additional information compared with the macroscopic examination. Flat-panel CT allowed distinction between an incomplete ossification of the hyoid and a fracture, but did not help in determining whether the fracture had been sustained peri- or postmortem. 相似文献
175.
Sebastian Harth Martin Obert Ph.D. Frank Ramsthaler M.D. Christina Reuß Horst Traupe M.D. Marcel A. Verhoff M.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2010,55(3):690-694
Abstract: Since Broca’s time (1824–1880), ossification of the neurocranial sutures has been used as a characteristic of age. Current approaches include the visual macroscopic examination of ecto and endocranial sutures. The evaluation of the cross‐section of sutures usually necessitates the destruction of the neurocranium. In a nondestructive alternative approach that was tested within the context of the “Digital Forensic Osteology” project that ran in cooperation with the Virtopsy®‐Project, it emerged that the resolution of conventional multi‐slice computed tomography data sets was not high enough to image sutures. Thus for the experiments presented here, the eXplore Locus Ultra flat‐panel computed tomography scanner from GE Healthcare was used. Calottes were scanned during autopsy and then immediately returned to the corpse. So far, the skullcaps of 221 individuals have been scanned. The cross‐sections of 14 suture segments could be assessed for seven previously defined stages of ossification. In a converse step, the 14 highest and lowest age estimate values corresponding to the individual stages of suture closure found were estimated for each calotte. The obtained ranges narrowing down the age estimate were evaluated with statistics. A mean value of 43.31 years for the range of narrowed age estimates shows that this method can be a useful aid in estimating age. The results of intra‐ and inter‐observer tests showed good overall agreement between the findings of three observers. This method is suitable for a nondestructive age estimation and can be used for the entire calotte. 相似文献
176.
Mark P. V. Begieneman B.Sc. Frank R. W. Van De Goot M.D. Jan Fritz Rence Rozendaal M.D. Ph.D. Paul A. J. Krijnen M.Sc. Hans W. M. Niessen M.D. Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2010,55(4):988-992
Abstract: In the present study, ultrastructural analysis of mitochondrial deposits (black dots within mitochondria) as a method for the detection of early acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was evaluated. In 24 patients with AMI and six controls, analysis was performed in the heart of infarcted patients and noninfarcted controls. In the infarction area in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)‐diagnosed AMI, the percentage of positive mitochondria was significantly higher compared to corresponding heart tissue in control patients and compared to noninfarcted areas within these patients. Also in patients with a clinically diagnosed AMI but no LDH decoloration, a significant higher percentage of positive mitochondria was found in the left ventricle compared to controls and noninfarcted areas. In patients with AMI, an increase in mitochondria with deposits was found in the infarction area compared to controls and noninfarcted tissue within the same patient, suggesting that electron microscopical changes in mitochondria can be used for the diagnosis of AMI less than 3 h old. 相似文献
177.
178.
Frank Biermann Michele M. Betsill Joyeeta Gupta Norichika Kanie Louis Lebel Diana Liverman Heike Schroeder Bernd Siebenhüner Ruben Zondervan 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2010,10(4):277-298
The Earth System Science Partnership, which unites all major global change research programmes, declared in 2001 an urgent
need to develop “strategies for Earth System management”. Yet what such strategies might be, how they could be developed,
and how effective, efficient and equitable such strategies would be, remains unspecified. It is apparent that the institutions,
organizations and mechanisms by which humans currently govern their relationship with the natural environment and global biochemical
systems are not only insufficient—they are also poorly understood. This article presents the science programme of the Earth
System Governance Project, a new 10-year global research effort endorsed by the International Human Dimensions Programme on
Global Environmental Change (IHDP). It outlines the concept of earth system governance as a challenge for the social sciences,
and it elaborates on the interlinked analytical problems and research questions of earth system governance as an object of
study. These analytical problems concern the overall architecture of earth system governance, agency beyond the state and
of the state, the adaptiveness of governance mechanisms and processes as well as their accountability and legitimacy, and
modes of allocation and access in earth system governance. The article also outlines four crosscutting research themes that
are crucial for the study of each analytical problem as well as for the integrated understanding of earth system governance:
the role of power, knowledge, norms and scale. 相似文献
179.
AbstractTo the cultural geographer specializing in Central Asia, Frank's survey of the historical place of Central Asia in the world system is highly suggestive. It needs only a few clarifications, perhaps, before we address the level of historical relevance of such an area. 相似文献
180.