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One of the peculiar characteristics of the vast body of Jain commentarial literature is the primacy given to artha, meaning, over sūtra, the root text itself. It is the task of the commentator—or, in a pedagogical context, the teacher—to retrieve and explain
a text’s true, hidden meaning, which often appears to stretch and even contradict its apparent meaning. This article examines
the interpretive processes in one of the most important Jain commentaries on monastic discipline, the Bṛhatkalpabhāṣya attributed to the sixth-century CE Śvetāmbara Jain exegete Saṅghadāsa. An examination of passages where the commentator claims
to uncover the real—but sometimes less-than-apparent—meaning of monastic rules enables us to detect the interpretive moves
involved and the underlying assumptions about the nature of text and the work of commentary. I argue that this commentarial
tradition presupposes particular practices of memory, and a degree of internalizing the traditional hermeneutical methods,
on the part of a monastic practitioner who wants to understand the text correctly and live according to its true meaning. 相似文献
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At the end of the twentieth century (after a long history of coups d’état, a military uprising, a civil war, and a four-decade dictatorship) the Spanish public had serious doubts about the democratic nature of the armed forces. In 1989, the Spanish armed forces first took part in an international mission. Now, after 25 years of continuous active participation in overseas missions, public opinion polls rank the armed forces as the second most trusted institution in the country. International missions have contributed to (1) modernizing the Spanish armed forces; (2) changing the mentality of the Spanish military; and (3) improving Spanish society’s perception of the armed forces’ role. All in all, the armed forces’ performance abroad has helped improve domestic civil–military relations. 相似文献
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Bertol E Trignano C Di Milia MG Di Padua M Mari F 《Forensic science international》2008,176(2-3):121-123
In recent years there has been an increase interest in cocaine-related death reflecting the rising trend in cocaine use in Europe. Nevertheless it is still now very difficult to attribute a death to cocaine. We can affirm that cocaine can be responsible for the cause of death only when there is a reasonably complete understanding of the circumstances or facts surrounding the death. Isolated blood cocaine levels are not enough to assess lethality, and should be always considered and evaluated in relation to concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations in body tissue compartments, especially in brain and blood. We have reanalyzed all of our cocaine-related cases from 1990 to 2005, applying the methodology used by Spielher and Reed over 30 years ago. Our aim was to try to validate this model and verify its applicability and effectiveness after 20 years. 相似文献
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Ada M. Wilkinson-Lee Qionghui Zhang Velia Leybas Nuno Mari S. Wilhelm 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(2):221-230
The current study draws upon ecodevelopmental theory to identify protective and risk factors that may influence emotional
distress during adolescence. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine the relationship among family obligations,
school connectedness and emotional distress of 4,198 (51% female) middle and high school students who were primarily (59%)
European American. The overall model explained 21.1% of the variance in student emotional distress. A significant interaction
effect was found indicating that school connectedness moderated the relationship between family obligations and emotional
distress. Specifically, for students with low to moderate levels of family obligations, a stronger sense of school connectedness
was associated with lower emotional distress. The buffering effect of school connectedness was weakened as the level of family
obligations increased and completely disappeared for students who experienced high levels of family obligations. The creation
of a program that takes a holistic approach, in order to curtail the levels of highly emotionally distressed adolescents,
must continue to address the ever changing demands that adolescents encounter and prepare youth to deal with functioning within
multiple contexts and do so while maintaining emotional well-being. 相似文献
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A Long‐term Study of the Association between the Relative Poverty Rate and Suicide Rate in Japan 下载免费PDF全文
Ken Inoue M.D. Ph.D. Yasuyuki Fujita M.D. Ph.D. Haruo Takeshita M.D. Ph.D. Shuntaro Abe M.D. Ph.D. Junko Fujihara Ph.D. Satoko Ezoe M.D. Ph.D. Mari Sampei N.S. Ph.D. Tsuyoshi Miyaoka M.D. Ph.D. Jun Horiguchi M.D. Ph.D. Yuji Okazaki M.D. Tatsushige Fukunaga M.D. Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2016,61(Z1):S140-S143
The annual number of suicides in Japan totaled around 23,000 in 1997 and abruptly increased to around 31,000 in 1998. This figure has remained high since then. This abrupt increase in the number of suicides was primarily due to an increase in suicides occasioned by economic concerns. The association between various economic factors and suicide must be studied in detail and over the long term in order to ascertain the association between economic concerns and suicide. This study examined the relative poverty rate and the suicide rate in Japan over 30 years and discussed the association between those two rates. The results suggest that the relative poverty rate may be associated with the suicide rate for both sexes. This association is true for men in particular. The organizations and professionals involved in implementing suicide prevention measures should be cognizant of the current findings and consider formulating additional specific measures. 相似文献
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Human rights theory generally conceptualizes freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and belief as well as freedom of opinion and expression, as offering absolute protection in what is called the forum internum. At a minimum, this is taken to mean the right to maintain thoughts in one’s own mind, whatever they may be and independently of how others may feel about them. However, if we adopt this stance, it seems to imply that there exists an absolute right to hold psychotic delusions. This article takes the position that this conclusion is ethically problematic from the perspective of psychiatric treatment and the rights of persons with psychosis. The article reflects on this particular challenge and sets forth an understanding of freedom in the forum internum that might apply to situations where for various reasons it is not, necessarily accurate to maintain that persons have an absolute right to their own thoughts. For the purpose of proposing such an understanding, the article engages with current debates within human rights theory and political philosophy and analyzes discussions about psychotic delusions and the way in which involuntary treatment is justified. Based on this analysis, this article in turn conceptualizes freedom in the forum internum as ‘negative liberty’, ‘authenticity’, and ‘capability’. This article suggests that when forum internum is redefined as encompassing a right to certain internal capabilities, the right remains meaningful for persons with psychotic delusions as well. 相似文献
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Mari Teigen 《Nora, Nordic Journal of Women's Studies》2013,21(2):63-77
This article presents the main arguments used in debates on affirmative action. A distinction is made between individual and social justice and utilitarian arguments. The claim put forward is that debates on affirmative action tend to become locked within a discrimination-non-discrimination controversy. This perpetuates the defensive position of affirmative action advocates. I identify three strategies to break with this dominant controversy. First, a shift in focus from non-discrimination to a "right to be treated as an equal" opens the way for affirmative action. Second, a stressing of the special contribution of women in male-dominated fields transfers the focus from discrimination to the benefits of including women. Third, I argue for transferring the "burden of proof" from those advocating equality to those defending the status quo - the question should not be "why women?" but "why not women?". 相似文献