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931.
Generalized social trust has been argued to have positive effects for both individuals and society, but despite solid theoretical arguments in favour of different contextual effects, the empirical evidence remains scant. We here examine whether and how the effect of generalized trust on the propensity to become politically active is moderated by the level of generalized trust in society. We inspect two different causal mechanisms: The rainmaker effect, which entails that the effect of generalized trust is weaker at the individual level when there is a high level of generalized trust in society; and the sunmaker effect, which entails that the effect of generalized trust is strengthened by a high level of generalized trust in society. We examine the links for three forms of political participation: voting, institutionalized participation, and non-institutionalized participation. The data come from the fourth round of the European Social Survey from 2008 [European Social Survey. (2008). Data file edition 4.0. Norwegian Social Science Data Services, Norway—Data Archive and distributor of ESS data], and we include 47,489 respondents in 25 democratic countries. The results from a series of multilevel logistic regressions suggest that the effect of generalized trust varies depending on the level of generalized trust in the surrounding community but the causal mechanisms differ for different kinds of political participation. 相似文献
932.
Ricci U Sani I Giunti L Guarducci S Coviello S Giovannucci Uzielli ML 《Forensic science international》2002,125(1):83-85
Allele frequencies for the 13 STRs of the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) core were obtained from a sample of 188 unrelated individuals living in the area of Florence, Prato and Pistoia (Tuscany, Central Italy). 相似文献
933.
Maria Libak Pedersen 《Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology & Crime Prevention》2014,15(1):55-72
This paper examines gang joining among juveniles in socially disadvantaged residential neighbourhoods with gang presence. The analysis is based on a school-based survey among students (n = 1,886) in Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. The theoretical framework is inspired by the Eurogang Program of Research—that is, their definition of street gangs was utilized in the study. The results indicate that 13% of the youths aged 13–17 are members of street gangs. The street gang members are more likely to be characterized by poor parental monitoring, weak pro-social values, and high-risk lifestyles compared with other crime involvement groups, including serious offenders; and they commit a disproportionately large number of offences. The results also indicate that proximity to criminal gangs on a higher organizational level than street gangs increases willingness to join such criminal gangs, especially for street gang members, as they are more likely to be in contact with older and more powerful gang members already—for example, they have helped them by being a look-out or passing messages. 相似文献
934.
935.
Ioannis Papoutsis Ph.D. Panagiota Nikolaou Ph.D. Constantinos Pistos Ph.D. Artemisia Dona Ph.D. Maria Stefanidou Ph.D. Chara Spiliopoulou Ph.D. Sotirios Athanaselis Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(2):550-554
The stability of drugs in biological specimens is a major concern during the evaluation of the toxicological results. The stability of morphine, codeine, and 6‐acetyl‐morphine in blood was studied after different sampling conditions: (i) in glass, polypropylene or polystyrene tubes, (ii) with addition of dipotassium ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (K2EDTA) or sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4), and (iii) with or without the addition of sodium fluoride (NaF). Spiked blood samples were stored at two different temperatures (4 and ?20°C), analyzed after different storage times and after three freeze–thaw cycles. Opiate concentrations were decreased in all conditions, but the most unstable was 6‐acetyl‐morphine. The addition of NaF as preservative improved the stability of opiates at all conditions studied, whereas the type of anticoagulant did not affect the stability of opiates. It was concluded that blood samples should be stored at ?20°C in glass tubes containing oxalate and NaF for maximum stability. 相似文献
936.
Maria Costanza Torri 《Development in Practice》2011,21(2):282-294
The medicinal plant sector is on the increase in many developing countries. Despite this, the existing supply chain is unable to improve the livelihoods of the gatherers. This article considers Gram Mooligai Company Limited (GMCL), the first community-based enterprise active in the herbal sector. GMCL promotes a more equitable sharing of benefits in the sector, while also aiming for a more sustainable use of natural resources. The article draws conclusions and lessons about supporting such types of enterprises, reforming the herbal-sector supply chain, and promoting new forms of partnership between ayurvedic firms and communities. 相似文献
937.
938.
Building upon and expanding the previous research into structural determinants of homicide, particularly the work of Land,
McCall, and Cohen (1990), the current paper introduces a multilevel theoretical framework that outlines the influences of three major structural
forces on homicidal violence. The Big Three are poverty/low education, racial composition, and the disruption of family structure.
These three factors exert their effects on violence at the following levels: neighborhood/community level, family/social interpersonal
level, and individual level. It is shown algebraically how individual-level and aggregate-level effects contribute to the
size of regression coefficients in aggregate-level analyses. In the empirical part of the study, the presented theoretical
model is tested using county-level data to estimate separate effects of each of the Big Three factors on homicide at two time
periods: 1950–1960 and 1995–2005 (chosen to be as far removed from one another as the availability of data allows). All major
variables typically used in homicide research are included as statistical controls. The results of analyses show that the
effects of the three major structural forces—poverty/low education, race, and divorce rates—on homicide rates in US counties
are remarkably strong. Moreover, the effect sizes of each of the Big Three are found to be identical for both time periods
despite profound changes in the economic and social situation in the United States over the past half-century. This remarkable
stability in the effect sizes implies the stability of homicidal violence in response to certain structural conditions. 相似文献
939.
940.
Patrick van Zwanenberg Adrian Ely Adrian Smith Chen Chuanbo Ding Shijun Maria‐Eugenia Fazio Laura Goldberg 《Regulation & Governance》2011,5(2):166-186
The international harmonization of technology‐related regulations seeks certain norms across diverse contexts. Harmonization efforts are based primarily on the promulgation of state‐centered command and control forms of regulation, though they may also be accompanied by the diffusion of more plural approaches that are decentered from the state. We contrast the ways in which the “proper” use of transgenic cotton seed technologies is understood in harmonizing regulations with the way this technology is used in practice in regions of Argentina and China. We find divergence that poses challenges for both state‐centered and decentered approaches to harmonization. While state‐centered approaches are blind to some critical processes on the ground, decentered strategies are found wanting in situations where norms remain deeply contested amongst actors situated in very uneven power relations. In both cases, we find that establishing and securing norms that are socially just and environmentally sustainable means attending much more explicitly to the political economies in which technological practices actually take root. 相似文献