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931.
Considerable controversy surrounds public information campaigns: government-directed and sponsored efforts to communicate to large numbers of citizens in order to achieve a policy result, or what might be called government propaganda. We analyze the use of campaigns as policy instruments in three ways: (1) effectiveness in achieving substantive outcomes; (2) political benefits for public officials; and (3) consequences for democratic processes. Our review of 100 campaigns from these three perspectives reveals significant advantages and disadvantages of using campaigns in practice. We conclude that the advantages of public information campaigns justify their use as policy intruments when used appropriately and with care to mitigate the disadvantages. 相似文献
932.
The Irish are largely invisible as an ethnic group in Britain but continue to be racialized as inferior and alien Others. Invisibility has been reinforced by academic treatment. Most historians have assumed that a framework of assimilation is appropriate and this outcome is uncritically accepted as desirable. Sociologists on the other hand have excluded the Irish from consideration, providing tacit support for the ‘myth of homogeneity’ of white people in Britain against the supposedly new phenomenon of threatening (Black) ‘immigrants’.Focus on the paradigm of ‘colour’ has limited the range of racist ideologies examined and led to denial of anti-Irish racism. But an analysis of nineteenth-century attitudes shows that the ‘Irish Catholic’ was a significant Other in the construction of the British nationalist myth. Despite contemporary forgetting, hostility towards the Irish continues, over and above immediate reactions to recent IRA campaigns. Verbal abuse and racial harassment are documented in London and elsewhere, but unacknowledged.The masculine imagery of ‘Paddy’ hides the existence of Irish women in Britain, although they have outnumbered men since the 1920s. In America, by contrast, there is a strong stereotype of ‘Bridget’ and her central contribution to Irish upward mobility is recognized. But invisibility does not protect Irish women in Britain from racism. Indeed, they are often more exposed since their productive and reproductive roles connect more firmly to British society. Moreover, women have played a key role in maintaining Catholic adherence, which continues to resonate closely with Irishness and difference. 相似文献
933.
Powerful constituent governments can have a significant impacton a federal nation's ability to implement international agreements.Negotiating written agreements is one strategy for achievingpolicy coordination in nations with such governments. This articleexamines the Canada-Ontario Agreement (COA) Respecting GreatLakes Water Quality, which helps Canada to meet its obligationsunder its Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement with the UnitedStates. First negotiated in 1971, COA was regularly renegotiatedwithout incident until the most recent round of negotiations,which began in 1991 and continued into 1994. The negotiatingissues that proved so contentious during this round are examined,as is the impact on the negotiations of developments on thebroader Canadian political scene. 相似文献
934.
Mary G. Ripple M.D. Zabiullah Ali M.D. Melissa Brassell M.D. Barry Levine Ph.D. Rebecca Jufer‐Phipps Ph.D. Suzanne Doyon M.D. David R. Fowler M.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2013,58(5):1381-1383
Cause of death rulings in cases when the concentration of a drug or drugs is higher than observed following therapeutic use are generally straightforward “drug deaths.” However, when toxicology testing identifies drug concentrations consistent with therapeutic use or detects no drugs at all, then the cause of death determination is more complicated. Given the rapidity and protean manifestations of anaphylaxis, it should be considered in deaths where no other cause of death is apparent in a suspected drug death. This article reports two cases where an anaphylactic reaction was observed following either the actual or alleged use of therapeutic formulations of buprenorphine intravenously. 相似文献
935.
Mary Sokol 《The Journal of legal history》2013,34(1):119-123
936.
937.
Using multi-staged methods developed in this research for coding/analysis of interview data, this article portrays women’s
reported experiences of participation, performance, and advancement in academic science and engineering in a major technological
institution. The methods and findings have implications for understanding the complexity underlying women’s participation
and performance, and for practices and policies to support advancement of women faculty, particularly those in research universities. 相似文献
938.
Mary E. O'Connell 《Family Court Review》2002,40(1):153-154
Books reviewed in this article:
John Eekelaar, Mavis Maclean, and Sarah Beinart, Family Lawyers: The Divorce Work of Solicitors . 相似文献
John Eekelaar, Mavis Maclean, and Sarah Beinart, Family Lawyers: The Divorce Work of Solicitors . 相似文献
939.
The past twenty-five years of economic reform have seen the transformation of labor relations in China, with the widespread
adoption of capitalist labor practices by firms of all ownership types. This transformation has occurred in the absence of
both large-scale privatization and political change, but was part of a gradual yet dynamic liberalization and “opening up”
to foreign trade and investment that occurred across both regions and across types of firms. The first half of this paper
details this process of dynamic liberalization that has spawned competition and change in labor practices, including marked
increases in managerial autonomy and labor flexibility. This explanation goes beyond the regional emphasis to also examine
changes across types of ownership; the gradual liberalization of labor policies and convergence with capitalist practices
can only be understood as part of a more general trend ofownership expansion, through the introduction of new types of firms, andownership recombination, which is the fusing of the public and non-state sectors through novel forms of organization. The much-needed panacea to
this shift to capitalism—a state regulatory and legal regime that is capable of mitigating its excesses and effective organizations
to represent labor—is not yet well established. The second half of this paper explores two institutions, the labor contract
system and the official trade union organization, to show how labor relations have shifted dramatically toward flexibility,
insecurity, and managerial control.
The author would like to thank those who offered comments and criticisms, including Mark Frazier, Jaeyoun Won, Bill Hurst,
Jacob Eyferth, Elizabeth Remick, Mark Selden, Ruth Collier, and two anonymous reviewers. 相似文献
940.
The Australian Full Federal Court has found that (i) a patentapplicant may amend the patent specification, until at leastthe date of grant, to include the best method known to the applicantat the date of filing and that (ii) there is no requirementthat new best methods discovered after the date of filing ofa complete patent specification be added by amendment. 相似文献