James Satterwhite 《和平与变革》2002,27(4):600-611

From the end of the 1980s until the late 1990s the main form of response on the part of the Kosovar Albanians to the Serbian repression initiated by Miloševíc was a campaign of nonviolent resistance. This campaign ultimately gave way to a more violent form of resistance when the Albanians became disillusioned by its lack of success, which in turn provoked a more violent Serbian response. This article assesses whether concrete initiatives by international organizations in the period from 1989 to 1999 could have helped support the nonviolent resistance to Serb repression and concludes that there were many ways in which more international support for this strategy could have helped avert the war in 1999 by strengthening nonviolent options.  相似文献   

    

James A Caporaso 《Journal of common market studies》1996,34(1):29-52

This article sets out to chart the evolving institutional structure of the EU, in the context of theories about forms of state. ‘Forms of state’ are taken to be conceptually possible expressions of political authority organized at the national and transnational levels, here dealt with as emphases and qualities to be accented rather than phenomena to be sorted into categories. The EU is examined in the light of three stylized state forms - the Westphalian state, the regulatory state and the post-modem state. Each of these captures important elements of the evolution of the EU, and provides support for analysis of its development as a form of ‘international state’. Such an analysis implies attention not only to forms of state, but also to related concepts such as government and governance which give leverage on the exploration of ‘international state forms’. Conclusions are drawn about the power of the three ‘metaphors’ used, and the relationship to possible empirical studies.  相似文献   

    

James Leigland 《Public Budgeting & Finance》1997,17(2):57-79

The advantages of using municipal bonds to finance urban infrastructure are increasingly evident to policymakers in emerging economies, some of whom are undertaking efforts to accelerate the development of municipal bond markets in their countries. Many of these efforts use the strengths of the U.S. municipal market as a guide to suggest the kinds of market characteristics necessary to attract issuers as well as investors to the marketplace. Features of the U.S. market are often difficult to recreate in these countries in the short run, but policymakers are using a variety of innovative techniques to approximate essential market characteristics. This article reviews these efforts in four emerging economies: Indonesia, the Philippines, Poland, and South Africa.  相似文献   

    

James K. Oliver 《Politics & Policy》1997,25(3):471-485

Post-Cold War US foreign policy and policy making cannot escape constitutionally defined and political constraints of the past: divided government and Vietnam. In an era when “vital interests” are no longer self-evident, “foreign” and “domestic” issue areas are interpenetrated and the presidential foreign policy establishment is, like the Congress, subject to a much broader range of domestic political pressures. Though a pragmatic internationalism survives, a system designed to deliberate and depart incrementally from the status quo requires leadership and, as during the Cold War, the locus of foreign policy leadership is the presidency.  相似文献   

    

James W. Fossett  Carol A. Ebdon  Norman Brier 《Public Budgeting & Finance》1996,16(4):82-95

This article argues that the adverse impact of Medicaid on state budgets alleged in various public debates has been overstated, in some measure because of the inaccurate and misleading manner in which Medicaid expenditures are appropriated in state budgeting systems. Data on Medicaid and mental health spending in the state of New York is used for analysis. The first section provides a Medicaid spending and budgeting background. The second section discusses Medicaid and mental health in New York. The third section describes actual budgeted spending for mental health in New York, and the final section provides a discussion and concluding comments.  相似文献   

    

Rachel Swann  Pam James 《The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice》1998,37(3):252-265

The aim of the present study was to examine, from an inmate perspective, their use of drugs and the perceived effect of the prison environment upon their drug using behaviour. Design of the study was an analytic survey, presented to the respondents as an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. The results suggest that the prison environment is not a supportive environment for those individuals that wish to abstain from drug use and indeed for most respondents, actually encouraged drug use.  相似文献   

    

James Clingermayer 《Public Choice》1993,77(4):725-738

This analysis examines two alternative explanations for the adoption of comprehensive zoning ordinances in the years immediately following its initial adoption in New York City. The market failure explanation predicts zoning adoption in cities where externality problems (represented by heavy incidence of manufacturing) exist. The distributive policymaking model treats zoning as a form of regulation that is most likely to be found in cities where local legislators are elected from geographically-concentrated constituencies (e.g., wards) and therefore try to target policy benefits to their own constituencies while spreading the policy costs over all constituencies. Some support is found for each model. Especially striking is the interactive effect of ward representation and of economic interest (i.e., levels of home ownership).  相似文献   

    

Virinder Sharma  Victor Orindi  Ced Hesse  James Pattison  Simon Anderson 《Development in Practice》2014,24(4):579-590

Policies developed at national levels can be unresponsive to local needs. Often they do not provide the rural poor with access to the assets and services they need to allow them to innovate and adapt to the ways that increased climate variability and change exacerbate challenges to basic securities – food, water, energy, and well-being. In development deficit circumstances, common pool resources are important for climate adaptation purposes. In order for climate adaptation actions to deliver resilience, local perspectives and knowledge need to be recognised and given due priority in formal planning systems. Basing formal adaptive development planning on local strategies can support and strengthen measures that people have been tested and know to work. Local climate adaptation through collective action can address current increases in climate variability, future incremental changes, and the need to transform existing systems to deal with qualitative shifts in climate. These types of adaptation can work in cumulative ways. The results of local adaptation collective action that have benefits of low rivalry between users while being highly inclusive can be considered “local public goods”. Evidence is beginning to emerge that when local governance systems facilitate high levels of participation in planning collective action for climate adaptation, and direct access to resources for implementing local plans, “local public goods” can be created and common pool resources better managed.  相似文献   

    

James Khalil 《冲突和恐怖主义研究》2014,37(2):198-211

This article develops and elaborates on three core points. First, as with research into other social science themes, it is argued that it is necessary to apply the logic of correlation and causality to the study of political violence. Second, it highlights the critical disjuncture between attitudes and behaviors. Many or most individuals who support the use of political violence remain on the sidelines, including those who sympathize with insurgents in Afghanistan (reportedly 29 percent in 2011), and those supportive of “suicide attacks” in the Palestinian Territories (reportedly reaching 66 percent in 2005). Conversely, those responsible for such behaviors are not necessarily supportive of the ostensible political aims. Third, it is argued that the motives that drive these attitudes and behaviors are often (or, some would argue, always) distinct. While the former are motivated by collective grievances, there is substantial case study evidence that the latter are commonly driven by economic (e.g., payments for the emplacement of improvised explosive devices), security-based (i.e., coercion) and sociopsychological (e.g., adventure, status, and vengeance) incentives. Thus, it is necessary for the research community to treat attitudes and behaviors as two separate, albeit interrelated, lines of inquiry.  相似文献   

    

James Treadwell 《The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice》2014,53(1):105-107

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