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171.
Perlin MW Legler MM Spencer CE Smith JL Allan WP Belrose JL Duceman BW 《Journal of forensic sciences》2011,56(6):1430-1447
Abstract: DNA mixtures with two or more contributors are a prevalent form of biological evidence. Mixture interpretation is complicated by the possibility of different genotype combinations that can explain the short tandem repeat (STR) data. Current human review simplifies this interpretation by applying thresholds to qualitatively treat STR data peaks as all‐or‐none events and assigning allele pairs equal likelihood. Computer review, however, can work instead with all the quantitative data to preserve more identification information. The present study examined the extent to which quantitative computer interpretation could elicit more identification information than human review from the same adjudicated two‐person mixture data. The base 10 logarithm of a DNA match statistic is a standard information measure that permits such a comparison. On eight mixtures having two unknown contributors, we found that quantitative computer interpretation gave an average information increase of 6.24 log units (min = 2.32, max = 10.49) over qualitative human review. On eight other mixtures with a known victim reference and one unknown contributor, quantitative interpretation averaged a 4.67 log factor increase (min = 1.00, max = 11.31) over qualitative review. This study provides a general treatment of DNA interpretation methods (including mixtures) that encompasses both quantitative and qualitative review. Validation methods are introduced that can assess the efficacy and reproducibility of any DNA interpretation method. An in‐depth case example highlights 10 reasons (at 10 different loci) why quantitative probability modeling preserves more identification information than qualitative threshold methods. The results validate TrueAllele® DNA mixture interpretation and establish a significant information improvement over human review. 相似文献
172.
Howard MO Hall MT Edwards JD Vaughn MG Perron BE Winecker RE 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》2011,32(1):61-70
Suicide by asphyxiation using helium is the most widely-promoted method of "self-deliverance" by right-to-die advocates. However, little is known about persons committing such suicides or the circumstances and manner in which they are completed. Prior reports of suicides by asphyxiation involving helium were reviewed and deaths determined by the North Carolina Office of the Chief Medical Examiner to be helium-associated asphyxial suicides occurring between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2008 were included in a new case series examined in this article. The 10 asphyxial suicides involving helium identified in North Carolina tended to occur almost exclusively in non-Hispanic, white men who were relatively young (M age = 41.1 T 11.6). In 6 of 10 cases, decedents suffered from significant psychiatric dysfunction; in 3 of these 6 cases, psychiatric disorders were present comorbidly with substance abuse. In none of these cases were decedents suffering from terminal illness. Most persons committing suicide with helium were free of terminal illness but suffered from psychiatric and/or substance use disorders. 相似文献
173.
David Servino Douglas B. Smith Robert D. Porter Matthew D. Brown 《Journal of family violence》2011,26(6):431-438
Intimate partner violence continues to be prevalent, resulting in negative consequences for the individuals involved and for
society as a whole. Perceptions of safety in relationships where intimate partner violence is present is an understudied topic
in the literature. The Safety Assessment of Future Events Scale (SAFE) was developed to assess respondents’ perceptions of
safety in their intimate relationship. The purpose of this study was to examine whether group differences existed on respondents’
SAFE scores. 428 participants from community and clinic samples completed the SAFE and other measures contained in a southwest
university’s marriage and family therapy clinic intake packet. ANCOVA was used to control for gender and setting in determining
if group differences existed on the SAFE based on measures assessing interpersonal violence, relational adjustment, intrapersonal
symptoms, and PTSD symptoms. Results indicated group differences based on gender, interpersonal violence victimization, and
relational adjustment. 相似文献
174.
Claims-made insurance policies often contain provisions regarding the treatment of the same, related, or interrelated acts or claims. Such language may affect the number of policy limits and retentions available as well as the timing of when multiple claims are deemed made. This article examines sample policy language as to the same, related, or interrelated acts or claims provisions as well as the disparate case law interpreting such provisions. The result is several principles to guide policyholders in the application of such language and to counter insurers’ efforts to unreasonably use such language to limit or deny coverage. 相似文献
175.
Debates about the role of money in politics are commonplace. Although some critics point to the potentially negative impact
spending has in elections, most recent scholarly evidence indicates that spending may actually promote greater participation
in the political process. However, most of this research has uncovered this relationship in races for more visible offices;
few studies have focused on whether the same linkage is present in low-information elections. For a variety of reasons, it
is not altogether certain whether this relationship would exist for such offices. To test this proposition, we examine the
impact of campaign spending on voter rolloff in 172 contested races for intermediate appellate courts (IAC) between 2000 and
2008. In contrast to other types of elections, combined candidate spending in these races had no effect on ballot rolloff. 相似文献
176.
Don Boyd Hamp Lankford Susanna Loeb Matthew Ronfeldt Jim Wyckoff 《Journal of policy analysis and management》2011,30(1):88-110
Many large urban school districts are rethinking their personnel management strategies, often giving increased control to schools in the hiring of teachers, reducing, for example, the importance of seniority. If school hiring authorities are able to make good decisions about whom to hire, these reforms have the potential to benefit schools and students. Prior research on teacher transfers uses career history data, identifying the school in which a teacher teaches in each year. When such data are used to see which teachers transfer, it is unclear the extent to which the patterns are driven by teacher preferences or school preferences, because the matching of teachers to schools is a two‐sided choice. This study uses applications‐to‐transfer data to examine separately which teachers apply for transfer and which get hired and, in so doing, differentiates teacher from school preferences. Holding all else equal, we find that teachers with better pre‐service qualifications (certification exam scores, college competitiveness) are more likely to apply for transfer, while teachers whose students demonstrate higher achievement growth are less likely. On the other hand, schools prefer to hire “higher quality” teachers across measures that signal quality. The results suggest that not only do more effective teachers prefer to stay in their schools but that schools are able to identify and hire the best candidates when given the opportunity © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. 相似文献
177.
Davis NL Horan PM Romich T Roman JL Lacy JM Catanese CA 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》2010,31(4):330-334
This is a series reviewing 14 cases of giant saccular aneurysms diagnosed at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of New York City collected over an 11-year period. Data collected on all 14 cases included neuropathological findings, comorbidities, and toxicological findings. Of these 14 cases, 8 were in women, and the ages ranged from 3 to 79 years, with a mean and a median of 50 years. Women were overrepresented in the sixth through eighth decades. Of the 14 cases described, 11 presented with a subarachnoid hemorrhage; 3, no hemorrhage; 2, subdural hemorrhage; 8, intraventricular hemorrhage; 2, intracerebral hemorrhage; and 8, more than 1 hemorrhage type. Location of the aneurysms varied with 6 in the left side of the brain, 6 present in the right side of the brain, and 2 at the midline. We described the clinical, pathological, and toxicological findings associated with these giant aneurysms. 相似文献
178.
Matthew I. Mitchell 《冲突、安全与发展》2012,12(2):171-191
Many scholars have expressed grave concerns over the increased popularity of power-sharing agreements in Africa, arguing that power-sharing is an unstable form of government that provides only short-term reprieve from violent conflict. While most African experiments with power-sharing have failed, this does not necessarily invalidate the case for employing such agreements. The critical importance of context has been cited as a key factor in explaining the success or failure of power-sharing. In other words, it is not that power-sharing is inherently flawed but rather that it should only be employed in certain contexts. This article examines the role of context in explaining different power-sharing outcomes by analysing power-sharing in Côte d'Ivoire. The country provides an excellent case study for examining the importance of context as power-sharing agreements have been adopted in a variety of contexts with diverging outcomes. The article systematically examines key peace agreements and resulting power-sharing arrangements since the outbreak of civil war in 2002 in order to evaluate which factors help to explain successes and failures of power-sharing in Côte d'Ivoire. The article concludes by considering how previous examples may help to shed light on future prospects for power-sharing in Côte d'Ivoire and elsewhere. 相似文献
179.
To fight transnational crime, the United States needs to strengthen its cooperation with Colombia. This initiative, according to the authors, will not only be cost-effective for the United States, it will also signal U.S. willingness to work “by, with and through” other states, and may make possible an expanded regional framework to act against the criminal cartels. 相似文献
180.
Philip Matthew Stinson Sr. John Liederbach Michael Buerger Steven L. Brewer Jr. 《Criminal Justice Studies》2018,31(3):310-331
This study is part of a larger research project on police crime in the United States. Police crimes are those criminal offenses committed by sworn law enforcement officers who have the general powers of arrest. Profit-motivated police crime involves officers who use their authority of position to engage in crime for personal gain. This study reports the findings on 1,591 cases where a law enforcement officer was arrested for one or more profit-motivated crimes during the seven-year period 2005–2011. The profit-motivated arrest cases involved 1,396 individual officers employed by 782 state, local, special, constable, and tribal law enforcement agencies located in 531 counties and independent cities in 47 states and the District of Columbia. Our data is the first systematic study of profit-motivated police crime. The study describes the nature of this form of police misconduct in terms of several dimensions, including the characteristics of police who perpetrate these crimes, where it occurs, the specific criminal charges, and the contexts within which profit-motivated police crime is punished through police agencies and the criminal courts. 相似文献