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951.
Composite faces built by eyewitnesses commonly are poor likenesses of the target face. When there are multiple witnesses,
however, an opportunity exists to morph the composites. Morphs were rated as more similar to the target face than were the
mean ratings of the individual composites. However, as hypothesized, the morph also came to resemble non-target faces more
than the individual composites did (a prototype effect). This prototype effect was so strong that the morphs resembled non-targets
more than the individual composites resembled the targets. In addition, morphing composites produced an attractiveness bias,
which made the morphing of composites less effective for less attractive targets. Even when the prototype effect and the attractiveness
bias were controlled for, however, a true morph-superiority effect continued to exist.
The author won the Psi Chi/APS Albert Bandura Graduate Research Award in 2005--2006 for this study. 相似文献
952.
The null hypothesis is not called that for nothing: statistical tests in randomized trials 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Robert Boruch 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2007,3(1):1-20
This article aims to update readers on different ways to arrange one’s thinking about conventional null hypotheses in randomized
trials. It covers basic criticism of conventional hypotheses and, beyond this, covers relevant developments in methodological,
organizational, and science policy arenas. This article includes coverage of new ways to frame null hypotheses, new technical
resources, standards for registering trials and reporting on them, cumulating results, common mistakes, and post-trial analysis
of null results. The paper includes ideas for research and development on each topic.
Robert Boruch is University Trustee Chair Professor, Graduate School of Education and Statistics Department of the Wharton School, at the University of Pennsylvania. He co-chairs the international Campbell Collaboration’s Steering Group and contributes frequently to governmental and non-governmental efforts to generate better evidence and enhance its usefulness. 相似文献
Robert BoruchEmail: |
Robert Boruch is University Trustee Chair Professor, Graduate School of Education and Statistics Department of the Wharton School, at the University of Pennsylvania. He co-chairs the international Campbell Collaboration’s Steering Group and contributes frequently to governmental and non-governmental efforts to generate better evidence and enhance its usefulness. 相似文献
953.
Unilateral CDM—can developing countries finance generation of greenhouse gas emission credits on their own? 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Axel Michaelowa 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2007,7(1):17-34
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was originally seen as an instrument with a bi- or multilateral character where an entity
or fund from an industrialised country invests in a project in a developing country. The sluggish implementation of incentives
for industrialised country companies to embark on CDM projects and low carbon prices led to a preference for just buying Certified
Emission Reductions (CERs) instead of investing in projects. Thus a third option has gained prominence—the unilateral option
where the project development is planned and financed within the developing country. We propose that a project should be called
“pure unilateral” if it involves no foreign direct investment (FDI), only has the approval of the Designated National Authority
(DNA) of the host country and sells its CERs after certification directly to an industrialised country. Unilateral projects
can become attractive if the host country risk premium for foreign investors is high despite a high human, institutional and
infrastructural capacity and domestic capital availability. Moreover, transaction costs can be reduced compared to foreign
investments that have to overcome bureaucratic hurdles. On the other hand, technology transfer is likely to be lower, capacity
building has to be undertaken by the host country and all risks have to be carried by host country entities. The potential
to carry out unilateral CDM projects strongly varies among host countries. Whereas several countries from Asia and Latin America
can design and implement projects autonomously, most of the Sub-Saharan countries rely on foreign support. International donors
of capacity building grants should increasingly address those countries that are not presently focused on by foreign investors
and support them in the design of local projects.
相似文献
Axel MichaelowaEmail: |
954.
Claudia Schatan Liliana Castilleja 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2007,7(2):109-135
The electronic sector, in particular, the computing industry, has become an increasing concern because of the environmental
impact of its products throughout their life cycle. The United States, Europe and Japan as the greatest consumers of electronic
goods have given special attention to this issue. The fast computer obsolescence and its difficult confinement, because of
the hazardous substances contained, have required a special effort of technical innovation. Nevertheless, this effort seems
to respond mainly to the standards required by the countries in which these goods are produced, consumed and confined, which
are radically different in developed and developing countries. Though an important part of the production process (assembling)
is done in developing countries, little attention has been paid to the environmental quality at this production stage. This
study examines the environmental problems and strategy of the electronic assembly industry in the three northern border cities
of Mexico. Almost half of 200 electronic maquiladora enterprises surveyed had not undertaken any active environmental policy
and there was a limited environmental standards enforcement. Evidence was found that the firms that had operated for a longer
period of time had better chances of taking better care of the environment. Environmental firm policies became weaker as one
descended from the head office to the subsidiaries and then to their suppliers. It is also found that some transnational corporations
operate with double standards in Mexico and thus strong national policies on environmental standards in Mexico are required
to change this practice.
相似文献
Claudia SchatanEmail: |
955.
Nupur Chowdhury Santanu Sabhapandit 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2007,7(3):281-300
The precautionary principle is one of the most contentious principles in contemporary international legal developments. The
very fact that it is a principle of international environmental law has been questioned by many legal scholars. However, this
does not take away the fact that the precautionary principle continues to be applied widely across sectors both internationally
and nationally. The nature and scope of its application has varied widely according to the context and sector within which
it has been applied. The central issue which this article seeks to address is the regulatory and the policy making space that
is available to the Government of India in the context of the obligations as undertaken under the Cartagena Protocol and under
various other international treaties. The regulatory space would also be affected by the domestic legal developments across
sectors in which the principle has been applied. India’s recent decision on the large-scale commercialisation of Bt-Cotton
has already created much debate regarding its appropriateness given the realities of Indian farm practices. More specifically,
it has also led to a rethinking of the role and application of the precautionary principle in addressing these realities.
Considering that the Indian policy on biotechnology is currently being drafted, it is important to look into the scope of
applying the precautionary principle in taking any decision on genetically modified organisms (GMO) in terms of their distribution
of risks, incorporating the social and equity impacts of such decisions.
相似文献
Nupur ChowdhuryEmail: |
956.
Russell Pittman 《Economic Change and Restructuring》2007,40(3):207-221
There is a growing consensus among economists that the most procompetitive strategy for restructuring public utility enterprises
includes complete vertical separation of the network or grid portion of a sector from other parts of the sector where competition
is to be created. Although exceptions to this rule are readily granted, it is generally considered that any alternative strategy
may pay a high cost in terms of discriminatory access to the grid by non-integrated entrants into the new competitive sector.
This consensus is somewhat surprising in light of the simultaneous growth of transactions cost economics, with its emphasis
on the benefits of close vertical relationships—including vertical integration—in the face of complexity, unforeseeable contingencies,
and problems with contract law enforcement. These issues are considered in the context of a Russian railways restructuring
plan which may, or may not, involve complete vertical separation.
相似文献
Russell PittmanEmail: |
957.
Investigating the effects of privatization in transition countries is the focus of a large body of current research. Generally,
privatization stimulates private sector development, attracts foreign direct investment, fosters competition and contributes
to the formation of stock markets. In addition, privatization may improve individual enterprises’ performance. This paper
investigates the impact of privatization on Ukrainian firms’ productivity. The empirical research is based on a sample of
466 Ukrainian joint-stock enterprises for the period of 1997–1999. Estimation results indicate that privatization positively
influences labor productivity, sales and profitability, but also that these effects diminish over time.
相似文献
Stefan Lutz (Corresponding author)Email: |
958.
Ailsa Henderson Steven D. Brown S. Mark Pancer Kimberly Ellis-Hale 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2007,36(7):849-860
In 1999, the Ontario provincial government introduced into its high school curriculum a requirement that students complete
40 h of volunteer community service before graduation. At the same time, the high school curriculum was shortened from five
years to four. Consequently, the 2003 graduating class of Ontario high school students contained two cohorts, the first of
the 4-year cohorts that was compelled to complete a mandated community service requirement, and the last of the 5-year cohorts
that was not. Using a quasi-experimental design, we surveyed 1768 first-year university students in terms of their perceptions
and attitudes about the nature and amount of previous volunteering, attitudes towards community service, current service involvement
and other measures of civic and political engagement. Comparisons of the two cohorts indicate that, while there were discernible
differences between the two cohorts in terms of their past record of community service, there were no differences in current
attitudes and civic engagement that might plausibly be attributed to participation in the mandatory service program. Results
are discussed with relation to the current debate concerning the impact of mandatory volunteering policies on intrinsic motivation
to volunteer.
相似文献
Kimberly Ellis-HaleEmail: |
959.
Gender Differences in the Educational Expectations of Urban,Low-Income African American Youth: The Role of Parents and the School 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
This study examined how youths’ gender is related to the educational expectations of urban, low-income African American youth,
their parents, and their teachers. As predicted, African American boys (ages 9–16) reported lower expectations for future
educational attainment than did their female counterparts. Parents and teachers also reported lower expectations for African
American boys (ages 6–16) than for girls. These findings held even when controlling for academic achievement. Contrary to
predictions, the magnitude of the difference in expectations for males vs. females did not increase as a function of youths’
age. In keeping with our hypotheses, parental expectations fully mediated the relation between youths’ gender and youths’
expectations. Finally, certain school-based factors (i.e., positive teacher expectations and positive youth perceptions of
the school environment) appeared to protect youths’ expectations from the deleterious impact of low parental expectations.
相似文献
Dana WoodEmail: |
960.
Prospective associations between violent victimization, the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship, and the subsequent
onset of violent aggression were examined. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), participants
were divided into violent and non-violent cohorts based on whether they had committed an act of violence prior to Wave 1.
Results showed that violent victimization at Wave 1 predicted the onset of violent aggression at Wave 2 for adolescents who
were non-violent at baseline. Earlier violent victimization, however, had no effect on aggression trajectories for baseline
violent adolescents. Parent-adolescent relations functioned as a protective buffer, such that violently victimized adolescents
who reported high quality relationships with parents were less likely to be involved in violent aggression at Wave 2. Subsequent
gender interaction analyses revealed that while the buffering effect was evident for males, parent-adolescent relations did
not protect females from the onset of aggressive behaviors. Findings are evaluated in light of social learning and cycle of
violence theories that highlight the role of violent victimization among adolescents.
相似文献
Jeffrey T. Cookston (Corresponding author)Email: |