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231.
Heidi Williams 《Journal of policy analysis and management》2012,31(3):752-776
Innovation inducement prizes have been used for centuries. In the United States, a recent federal policy change—the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010—clarified and simplified a path by which all federal agencies can offer innovation inducement prizes, thus intensifying interest in how government agencies can most effectively design and apply such prizes. This paper aims to review and synthesize the academic literature on innovation inducement prizes, to clarify what has been learned that is relevant to current policy discussions, and to highlight unresolved questions that would be fruitful areas for future academic research and policy experimentation. Relative to the existing literature, this paper aims to bridge two gaps. First, I synthesize the academic literature in this area with an eye toward drawing lessons for the types of innovation inducement prizes under consideration by federal agencies under the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act. Second, I discuss the problem of how to evaluate the success or failure of innovation inducement prizes, arguing that careful empirical evaluations of innovation inducement prizes are needed in order to provide guidance to federal agencies (and others) on how to most effectively apply and design innovation inducement prizes. 相似文献
232.
Richard Williams 《The Modern law review》2012,75(6):951-980
This paper analyses the regulation of company political donations in the UK. It argues that UK policy makers have failed to understand the nature of company donors and, consequently, that the UK Companies Act 2006 requirement for shareholder consent for company donations is not an effective solution to concerns about company donors. To this end, the paper presents a comprehensive empirical analysis of company donations to show that the vast majority of donor companies are closely held or owner‐managed entities where shareholder consent rules are ineffective. The paper highlights particular concerns that arise with donation by such companies and argues for a more accurate understanding of company donations in order to formulate effective policy responses to concerns about the role of company donors. 相似文献
233.
Weyermann C Bucher L Majcherczyk P Mazzella W Roux C Esseiva P 《Forensic science international》2012,217(1-3):127-133
Pearson correlation coefficients were applied for the objective comparison of 30 black gel pen inks analysed by laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). The mass spectra were obtained for ink lines directly on paper using positive and negative ion modes at several laser intensities. This methodology has the advantage of taking into account the reproducibility of the results as well as the variability between spectra of different pens. A differentiation threshold could thus be selected in order to avoid the risk of false differentiation. Combining results from positive and negative mode yielded a discriminating power up to 85%, which was better than the one obtained previously with other optical comparison methodologies. The technique also allowed discriminating between pens from the same brand. 相似文献
234.
Jason B. Whiting Douglas B. Smith Megan Oka Gunnur Karakurt 《Journal of family violence》2012,27(4):313-320
For most intimate partners, safety is an important goal and basic need. How a partner perceives safety has an impact on what
happens in the relationship, and this will in turn affect the responses from the other partner. Lack of safety can provoke
negative emotions and actions which can lead to relationship deterioration and violence. However, little is known about this
process from the insider’s perspective. In this study, constructivist grounded theory methods were used to analyze interviews
from individuals (n = 37) to better understand individual appraisals of relational safety. The results include a theory that illustrates the
process of relational safety and threat. This model articulates how certain relational conditions precede a perception of
safety or threat, which then leads to corresponding actions. Implications of the model include a focus on interaction and
context when assessing for safety and abuse, as well as the importance of self regulation. 相似文献
235.
Using three interviews spanning 3 years, we identified intimate partner violence (IPV) classes and determined how class membership
changed over time amongst a sample of 217 mothers at-risk for child maltreatment that were enrolled in an early childhood
home visitation evaluation study. Data on perpetration/victimization, IPV type (verbal, physical, and sexual abuse and injury)
and severity were used to conduct latent class analyses at each time point. Latent transition analyses established the proportion
of mothers who changed classes over time. A three-class solution (minimal, moderate, and high IPV) was indicated at each time
point. All classes included mutual IPV. Partners used minor verbal abuse in the minimal class, minor and severe verbal abuse
and minor physical abuse in the moderate class, and all IPV categories in the high class. At each transition, 40 % or more
women moved from minimal to moderate or high IPV. This movement emphasizes the need to screen women frequently and develop interventions recognizing
the dynamic nature of IPV. 相似文献
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238.
John Allen Williams Author Vitae 《Orbis》2008,52(2):199-216
The degree to which the international security environment had changed after the Cold War became evident with the attacks on September 11. As a result, military forces in the United States (and perhaps in the West generally) are evolving from their Cold War and immediate post-Cold War perspectives to confront transnational and subnational non-state dangers. These changes have significant implications for military professionalism and the relations between the military and society. They are explored through a modified “Postmodern Military” model, called here the “Hybrid” model. 相似文献
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