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排序方式: 共有216条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
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Melanie Brand 《Intelligence & National Security》2019,34(5):743-757
This article examines the impact of cognitive bias on the analytic output of the United States intelligence community during the Prague Spring. Utilising a range of primary sources, including declassified documents, oral history and contemporary accounts, this article argues that as a result of heuristic biases, analysts formed the mindset that the Soviet Union would not invade Czechoslovakia, and did not alter that assumption in the face of increasing evidence to the contrary. Consequently analysts possessed a distorted understanding of both Soviet intentions and the prevailing political environment and did not accurately convey the likelihood of military action to consumers. 相似文献
44.
Global brands remain under increasing pressure to ensure labor standards and codes of conduct are met by their suppliers. Little is known about how this is addressed by lower tier suppliers. We investigate whether, and how, occupational health and safety standards permeate down the computer industry value chain. We compare first and second tier suppliers' engagement with a private voluntary industry code, the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct, and the publicly regulated European Union Directive on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances. We find the industry code absent at the lower tier, yet second tier suppliers do implement the European Union Directive. This is achieved without support from public agencies or global value chain linkages. Our findings question the emphasis placed on chain governance in studies of labor compliance in global value chains, and suggest that alternative and complementary approaches may be required for effective labor compliance throughout the value chain. 相似文献
45.
There have been reports of sexual acts on sleeping women since ancient times. Whether this is possible at all has been under controversial discussion by lawyers and lay people. The paper presents two cases of non-consenting penetrating intercourse with sleeping women and various legal and expert opinions. The authors discuss the possible influence of drugs and alcohol. 相似文献
46.
Environmental and wildlife crime appear recently to be benefitting from an increasing profile amongst those agencies tasked
with their control, as well as receiving growing criminological attention. Despite this, those with responsibilities in this
area report that it remains marginalised, receiving limited resources and suffering from a lack of political impetus to push
such problems higher up the agenda. This is particularly so for those agencies, such as the police, that may be seen to have
many more pressing objectives. This discussion paper considers the problems of relying on an enforcement approach to controlling
such offences, taking, as an example, those activities that may be termed ‘wildlife crime’, focusing on the situation in England
and Wales. Firstly, the legislative framework that criminalises harm or exploitation of wildlife is presented, alongside the
main enforcement methods used. Next, the problems facing an enforcement approach are critically considered, the key issues
being: under-resourcing and marginalisation, the large ‘dark-figure’ of wildlife crime, the possibility of corruption, the
lack of seriousness with which such crimes are viewed, and the lack of deterrent effect. Finally, responses to the problems
of enforcement are presented, categorised as either methods to improve enforcement or, as the author advocates, methods which
are alternatives to enforcement (such as adopting a crime prevention approach). The paper concludes with suggestions for future
research in this field. 相似文献
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Melanie Smith 《European Law Journal》2012,18(2):269-288
This paper argues that administrative legitimacy has been neglected as having the potential to provide a foundation for the legitimacy of the EU institutions. The development of the administrative law‐type mechanisms within the EU is almost exclusively focused on the activities of the Member States as the main implementers of Union law. This has left an administrative gap at the level of the EU institutions, with little evidence of determinative horizontal administrative principles to be found in either the Treaties or the case‐law of two European courts. Where the courts have acted, they have adopted a sectoral and highly circumscribed approach to the development of administrative norms. The paper examines whether administrative principles can be harnessed as a mechanism for increasing the EU's legitimacy and, if so, how these principles fit with the institutions' approach to the legitimacy question. Post Lisbon, can evidence be found within the Treaties that the administrative route to legitimacy has not been entirely foreclosed? This paper proposes a model of administrative legitimacy for the EU level of administration that provides a foundation for the interconnected concepts of good governance and political legitimacy. 相似文献
49.
Melanie O'Brien 《International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice》2012,40(3):223-241
Allegations of criminal conduct have been made against UN peacekeeping personnel. While only a small number commit criminal offences, these personnel must be held accountable for their actions. Ensuring accountability is difficult due to jurisdictional issues, including in which jurisdiction (host state, sending state, or third state) to prosecute offenders. However, the possibility of the International Criminal Court exercising jurisdiction over peacekeeping personnel (civilian or military) has not really been considered. This article will examine the potential applicability of the substantive law of war crimes and crimes against humanity under the Rome Statute to crimes committed by peacekeeping personnel. 相似文献
50.
Melanie Hart 《北京周报(英文版)》2015,(22):31-33
<正>The U.S.and Chinese economies are closely intertwined.When China’s economy is strong,ours can prosper as well.When China’s economy falters,theAmerican economy also suffers.We share many common challenges that neither side can address alone,such as the battle to combat global climate change,which already 相似文献