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391.
392.
The White Paper suggests important reforms that will reduce the likelihood of false confessions resulting from police interrogation.
The research underlying these suggested reforms has yielded significant advances in our understanding of factors associated
with false confessions. As we move forward, we encourage the development of empirically based approaches that provide a viable
alternative to current practice. In doing so, we suggest that researchers pursue a positive psychological approach that involves
partnering with practitioners to systematically develop interrogative methods that are shown to be more diagnostic. By taking
such an approach, we believe that the recommendations offered in the current White Paper can be supplemented by methods that
carry the support of both scientific and law enforcement communities. 相似文献
393.
Comparing the Scoring of Human Decomposition from Digital Images to Scoring Using On‐site Observations 下载免费PDF全文
Gretchen R. Dabbs Ph.D. Joan A. Bytheway Ph.D. Melissa Connor Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2017,62(5):1292-1296
When in forensic casework or empirical research in‐person assessment of human decomposition is not possible, the sensible substitution is color photographic images. To date, no research has confirmed the utility of color photographic images as a proxy for in situ observation of the level of decomposition. Sixteen observers scored photographs of 13 human cadavers in varying decomposition stages (PMI 2–186 days) using the Total Body Score system (total n = 929 observations). The on‐site TBS was compared with recorded observations from digital color images using a paired samples t‐test. The average difference between on‐site and photographic observations was ?0.20 (t = ?1.679, df = 928, p = 0.094). Individually, only two observers, both students with <1 year of experience, demonstrated TBS statistically significantly different than the on‐site value, suggesting that with experience, observations of human decomposition based on digital images can be substituted for assessments based on observation of the corpse in situ , when necessary. 相似文献
394.
Political polarization at the elite level is a major concern in many contemporary democracies, which is argued to alienate large swaths of the electorate and prevent meaningful social change from occurring, yet little is known about how individuals respond to political candidates who deviate from the party line and express policy positions incongruent with their party affiliations. This experiment examines the neural underpinnings of such evaluations using functional MRI (fMRI). During fMRI, participants completed an experimental task where they evaluated policy positions attributed to hypothetical political candidates. Each block of trials focused on one candidate (Democrat or Republican), but all participants saw two candidates from each party in a randomized order. On each trial, participants received information about whether the candidate supported or opposed a specific policy issue. These issue positions varied in terms of congruence between issue position and candidate party affiliation. We modeled neural activity as a function of incongruence and whether participants were viewing ingroup or outgroup party candidates. Results suggest that neural activity in brain regions previously implicated in both evaluative processing and work on ideological differences (insula and anterior cingulate cortex) differed as a function of the interaction between incongruence, candidate type (ingroup versus outgroup), and political ideology. More liberal participants showed greater activation to incongruent versus congruent trials in insula and ACC, primarily when viewing ingroup candidates. Implications for the study of democratic representation and linkages between citizens’ calls for social change and policy implementation are discussed. 相似文献
395.
Evaluation of Non‐Natural Deaths among Veterans: New Mexico Medical Examiner‐Investigated Deaths, 2002–2011 下载免费PDF全文
Melissa R. LeBlanc M.D. Camille P. Clifford B.S. Sarah L. Lathrop D.V.M. Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2017,62(3):668-673
While it is recognized that veterans have increased rates of depression, post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicide, and substance use disorders, rates of homicide and unintentional injury deaths in veterans have been minimally investigated. We evaluated all non‐natural deaths in New Mexico veterans between 2002 and 2011 in comparison with non‐natural deaths among non‐veterans. We reviewed all decedents in New Mexico with a history of military service and investigated by the medical examiner, excluding natural deaths and deaths due to fall from standing height. The most common manner of death was unintentional injury (62%), most of these deaths due to motor vehicle accidents (29%) followed by unintentional overdose (26%). Suicide rates among veterans were consistently higher than the general population. The most common mechanism of suicide in men was gunshot wound (72%), and intentional overdose in women (49%). Services are needed for veterans that are tailored to all ages and both sexes. 相似文献
396.
Wojtylak MA Cebeci BO Gross SH Tang CK Vanderpool D 《Tort trial & insurance practice law journal》2003,38(2):549-583
This article focuses on certain noteworthy legislation and cases affecting medicine and law during the period September 1, 2001, to August 31, 2002. It does not attempt to discuss every case or piece of legislation, but instead seeks to summarize some of the more significant developments in this area of law. 相似文献
397.
Tardiff AK Wallace Z Tracy M Piper TM Vlahov D Galea S 《Journal of forensic sciences》2005,50(2):470-474
In this population-level study, we analyzed how well changes in drug and alcohol use among homicide victims explained declining homicide rates in New York City between 1990 and 1998. Victim demographics, cause of death, and toxicology were obtained for all homicide (N = 12573) and accidental death victims (N = 6351) between 1990 and 1998 from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of New York (OCME). The proportion of homicide and accident decedents positive for cocaine fell between 1990 and 1998 (13% and 9% respectively); the proportion of homicide and accident decedents positive for opiates and/or alcohol did not change significantly. Changing patterns of drug and alcohol use by homicide victims were comparable to changing patterns of drug and alcohol use in accident victims, suggesting that changes in drug and alcohol use among homicide victims between 1990 and 1998 cannot solely explain the decline in NYC homicide rates. 相似文献
398.
When Am I My Group? Self-Enhancement Versus Self-Justification Accounts of Perceived Prototypicality
The tendency to view the self as a prototypic member of a group is thought to be at the foundation of many social psychological
phenomena. Two opposing accounts of perceived prototypicality have been suggested in the psychological literature. The self-justification account portrays this as a defensive tendency that occurs in response to threatened group status. The self-enhancement account portrays this as a strategic tendency to associate the self with positively viewed groups. These competing views
were tested using both a minimal group (Study 1) and a naturalistic group (Study 2). Both studies showed that perceived prototypicality
increased with increasing group status. Moreover, the effect of status was moderated by group importance (Study 1) and behavioral
choice (Study 2). Both interaction patterns supported the self-enhancement view, suggesting that people view themselves as
prototypic group members when doing so will promote a positive identity. These findings contradict common statements in the
social identity literature. 相似文献
399.
Melissa?J.?Erwin Robyn?R.?M.?GershonEmail author Michael?Tiburzi Susan?Lin 《Journal of family violence》2005,20(1):13-19
The purpose of this case control study was to compare police officers (n = 106) from a large urban police force, charged with committing intimate partner violence (IPV) with officers who were not
charged (n = 105), in order to identify risk factors for IPV. We also compared the frequency, type, and final disposition of IPV reports
filed against police officers before and after the enactment of the 1994 Violence against Women Act (VAWA). Officers accused
of IPV were more likely to be members of a minority, on the force more than 7 years and assigned to a high crime district.
No major differences on intake baseline MMPI scores were noted between cases and controls. A significant increase in reports
of IPV was noted after the enactment of VAWA; the rate changed from 0.2/100 to 1.2/100 person years, although there were too
few pre-1994 reports to compare further. Most of the final dispositions of the cases resulted in cases closed due to unsupported
testimony from victims.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
400.
Review of autopsy findings in judicial electrocutions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2