Un aspect de l'insertion des militaries dans le processus de développement national en Afrique: Étude de quelques contradictions

At independence, Botswana, like many other countries in Anglophone Africa, inherited a dual legal system that was undergoing a significant shift towards convergence in the areas of criminal law and procedure. In Botswana's case, convergence was driven by a desire to minimise or, more speculatively, to gradually eliminate the gap between the normative standards of common law/general and customary courts in criminal trials. The country chose to follow a route that involved the universalisation of a penal code based on English common law, and the partial standardisation of procedure rules for customary courts. The present article considers how codified law and written procedure rules have transformed the substance and classification of legal wrongs, disputes and dispute processes, as well as the context and meaning of punishment in traditional settings.     

A Pluralist Critique of Contractarian Proceduralism

In pluralistic societies with conflicting conceptions of the good, purely procedural justice looms as particularly attractive. Moreover, the social contract device, in at least some of its conceptual adaptations, appears capable of yielding purely procedural outcomes. Based on an assessment of the respective contractarian arguments of Hobbes and Rawls, the author asserts that contractarian proceduralism is either purely procedural but not just, or else just but only derivatively procedural. Finally, after proposing that Habermas' discourse ethics and proceduralist paradigm of law can be regarded as the perfection and culmination of contractarianism, the author concludes that it also ultimately fails to produce purely procedural justice.     

Philosophy in Law? A Legal‐Philosophical Inquiry

Going beyond the debate between positivists and proponents of natural law, there is a controversy over whether there can or ought to be “philosophy in law” (i.e., whether anything within the subject‐matter of philosophy can also become part of the subject‐matter of law). According to Luhmann's autopoietic theory, law is a normatively closed system and accordingly remains completely independent from philosophy. Dworkin, on the other hand, asserts that constitutional law depends for its coherence and integrity on being encompassed within a particular political philosophy. This essay approaches “philosophy in law” from a functional rather than a legitimating perspective, and concludes against both Luhmann and Dworkin that the integration of philosophy in law is interstitial and limited. The consequence of this for law's validity and legitimacy is a likely increase in contestation and contestability. The essay concludes that by embracing pluralism as a philosophy, one can reduce and better manage contestability without ever becoming able to eliminate it.     

La rationalisation des politiques publiques: Un état de la question

Sommaire. Les organisations publiques doivent prendre des décisions quant aux objectifs qu'elles poursuivent et aux moyens et ressources utilisées pour at-teindre ces objectifs. Ces décisions stratégiques se situent au coeur du processus de définition des politiques publiques. Diverses approches de rationalisation des décisions, reposant principalement sur l'analyse économique, ont été proposées pour améliorer la formulation des politiques publiques. Une première partie sera consacrée à l'examen de ces approches normatives et aux critiques qui leur sont adressées. Cette partie traite donc de la rationalité«économique ». L'aspect politique des décisions publiques, qui prend la forme de compromis visant à assurer au système politique le soutien requis, est souvent considéré, surtout par les partisans de l'efficacité, comme irrationnel. Or, il existe des coǔts et avantages politiques et le jeu politique correspond à une certaine rationalité. Dans une seconde partie, nous traiterons done de la rationalité« politique ». Ayant reconnu les contributions, la valeur et les limites respectives des approches économiques et politiques, nous tenterons, dans une troisième partie, de faire ressortir les points de convergence et de démontrer que ces approches se complètent davantage qu'elles ne s'opposent. Abstract. Public organizations must make decisions concerning their objectives and the means and resources used to achieve them. These strategic decisions are the very core of the process of defining public policies. A number of proposals have been made for the improvement of public policy-making, most of them relying on economic analysis to rationalize decision-making. The first part of the study will be devoted to a review and criticism of these approaches and deals with the ‘economic’ rationale. The political aspect of public decisions, generally a compromise aimed at ensuring the necessary support for the political system, is often considered irrational, particularly by those whose primary concern is efficiency. However, political cost and advantage do exist and political gamesmanship does correspond to a certain rationale. The second part of the study deals with the ‘political’ rationale. After discussing the contributions, value and limitations of both the economic and political approaches the author attempts to identify points where the two coincide and to prove that they are complementary rather than opposite.     

Je lis,donc je suis Herm tique et connaissance de soi la Renaissance

本文系 M.亚罗先生于 1 999年 1 2月 2 1日在北京大学外国文学讲座上的发言稿 ,全文分两期刊出 ,现刊出第二部分。作者从文献学、阐释学等文学批评的角度 ,以 Erasme的圣经以及蒙田的《随笔》为例 ,对 1 6世纪作品作了一个全新的诠释 ,并提出文学作品给读者的是一个开放性的空间 ,对每个读者来说 ,阅读是“一个寻求自我本性的历程 ,一个组织结构的活动。”