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241.
242.
Thomas I. Miller 《Law and human behavior》1981,5(1):1-17
A group of 419 adult property offenders granted probation and ordered to repay their victims for the direct monetary losses or property damage incurred as a result of their crime were matched on 28 variables to a group of 179 offenders who were not ordered to pay restitution to their victims. Compared to those not ordered to repay their victims, the offenders ordered to pay restitution had a more difficult probation experience, having more revocations filed against them and showing a greater frequency of reporting, physical health, and money problems. No difference in arrest rate or time on probation was discovered. Those offenders ordered to pay restitution but who did not pay in full had the greatest problems of all, showing the highest revocation filing and actual revocation rate, rate of convictions, and time served. Payment characteristics were described for offenders who paid all, part, or none of their restitution debt by probation's end. It was suggested that closer probation officer scrutiny of offenders ordered to pay restitution may have accounted for the more difficult experience of the restitution group and that cost of administration of restitution programs may not be worth the benefits.This research was funded in part by grant No. 76-ED-99-0027 from the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. Special thanks are given the directors of Denver District Court Probation, without whose permission to enter the probation archives, and without whose day-to-day cooperation, this study would have been impossible. 相似文献
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Governmentality and the War on Terror: FBI Project Carnivore and the Diffusion of Disciplinary Power
Social control capabilities have increased significantly over the past several decades, particularly because of an increased utilization of technologically advanced surveillance methods. Following the tragic events of September 11,2001, U.S. Congress and the present Administration have granted law enforcement considerable new powers in the enforcement and prevention of terrorism-related crime. Collectively labeled under the heading of the so-called war on terror , the scope of such laws, policies and directives are challenged by civil rights organizations and numerous legislators for lack of definitional precision, arbitrary application of sanctions, and violation of privacy laws. One of federal law enforcements surveillance tools is Project Carnivore, a Justice Department Internet surveillance program that is administered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to access information flowing to and from a central processing unit on a network connection. While, theoretically relying on Michel Foucaults theory of discipline and governmentality, as well as related insights in the social control literature, this paper examines Project Carnivore relative to the larger context of state rationality and related privacy issues. 相似文献
248.
Toward a Victimology of State Crime 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2
State crimes have been studied by criminologists for nearly three decades. While far from stagnant, research and theory in
this area of criminology have not developed at the pace one may have expected a decade ago. In an attempt to rejuvenate the
study of state crime, we first identify and review the various types of victims and victimizers of state crime identified
in the criminological literature. By employing a previously created typology of state crime, we discuss how individuals and
groups of individuals can be identified as state crime victims in both domestic and international contexts. We then highlight
the common themes involved in the victimizations, and offer six inductively generated propositions intended to facilitate
future developments in the victimology of state crime.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
249.
Using one mock trial scenario, this study investigated whether religious and demographic factors were related to death penalty
attitudes and sentencing verdicts. Those who favored the death penalty differed from those who had doubts about the penalty
in gender, affiliation, fundamentalism, evangelism, literal Biblical interpretism, beliefs about God’s attitudes toward murders,
and perceptions of how their religious groups felt about the death penalty. These relationships generally held after mock
jurors were death qualified. Gender, fundamentalism, literal interpretism, beliefs about God’s death penalty position, and
perceptions of how one’s religious group felt about the death penalty predicted death penalty sentencing verdicts. Future
research could determine whether using peremptory challenges to exclude potential jurors based on religion can help lawyers
choose a more favorable jury.
The present research was supported by the National Science Foundation award number 0351811, the Society for the Psychological
Study of Social Issues, the American Psychology-Law Society, and the University of Nebraska Law-Psychology Program. This research
was presented at the 2006 conference of the American Psychology-Law Society. The authors are grateful for the research assistance
of Nick Fanning and Beth Herschlag and for the helpful comments from Brian Bornstein, Rich Wiener, Bob Schopp, Dick Dienstbier,
and several anonymous reviewers. 相似文献
250.
Susan M. Miller 《Public administration》2017,95(3):623-637
Although scholars have assessed how the electoral connection of legislators and chief executives affects their support for performance measurement, we know less about how electoral considerations might influence agency administrators’ focus on performance measurement. I suggest that independently elected administrators’ attention to their agency's performance measurement system may be conditional on the likelihood that their efforts in this area will help them realize their electoral goals. Because there is a greater electoral incentive to focus on performance issues when government performance is deficient, elected administrators should be as likely as, if not more likely than, their non‐elected counterparts to focus on performance measurement when the government is performing poorly and less likely to do so when the government is performing well. I find evidence that supports this expectation. This article provides insight into the implications of electoral incentives for management decisions. 相似文献