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This paper explores two configurations of thinking about crime amongst law enforcement agencies and private sector security
managers: ‘risk calculation’ (concerned with everyday, calculable probabilities and impacts and their management) and ‘precautionary
uncertainty’ (concerned with events that might be incapacitating, yet are not calculable by probability assessments). The
paper explores their respective constituent concepts and fields of application in crime assessment, drawing upon qualitative
research-in-progress in Belgium. Risk calculation, as applied to crime, starts with past data on routines that link perpetrators
with targets that lack capable guardians. Precautionary uncertainty focuses on potential impacts that are highly disabling
and potentially wide-spreading (contagion, knock-on effects), asking how such impacts can be contained and recovered from.
Risk and uncertainty are shown to be related to ‘rational-instrumental’ and ‘deliberative-constitutive’ approaches as developed
by Fisher’s work in the field of law, which offers a meta-narrative in relation to which they can be positioned. Finally,
the paper asks if these two crime assessment methods should be seen as distinct or as merging. On the basis of criteria of
conceptual sharpness, openness to public debate and justiciability, the authors champion the maintenance of a clear distinction
between risk and uncertainty. 相似文献
135.
Pal R Megharaj M Naidu R Klass G Cox M Kirkbride KP 《Forensic science international》2012,220(1-3):245-250
Key precursors and by-products in the Leuckardt, Nagai and dissolving metal reductive syntheses of methylamphetamine undergo degradation in soil as a result of biotic and abiotic processes. Furthermore, methylamphetamine is a product of the degradation of 1-(1',4'-cyclohexadienyl)-2-methylaminopropane and N-formylmethylamphetamine. These findings have implications for the forensic assessment of buried residues recovered from clandestine laboratory sites because markers used to infer the synthetic methods used might be absent as a result of degradation and because methylamphetamine might be present in residues as a result of degradation rather than as a direct result of its manufacture in the laboratory. 相似文献
136.
This study investigated whether defendants' ages and levels of psychosocial maturity would affect judges' ratings of juveniles' adjudicative competence in juvenile and criminal court. Three hundred forty two judges reviewed a forensic psychological report about a hypothetical defendant; only the defendant's age (12-17) and maturity level (mature, immature) varied across reports. Results revealed a main effect of age, with older juveniles generally deemed more competent, and a main effect of maturity, with mature juveniles generally deemed more competent. No interaction was found. Results suggest that age and maturity play major roles in judicial determinations of juvenile competency. 相似文献
137.
Journal of Indian Philosophy - 相似文献
138.
Zabiullah Ali M.D. Christopher Cox Ph.D. Michala K. Stock M.A. Eddy E. Zandee vanRilland M.D. Ana Rubio M.D. Ph.D. David R. Fowler M.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2018,63(5):1346-1349
Postmortem computed tomography (CT) has been extensively used in the last decade for identification purposes and in various anthropologic studies. Postmortem CT measurements of scapulae, analyzed using logistic discriminant function developed in this study, showed 94.5% accuracy in estimating sex. Data analyzed using the Dabbs and Moore‐Jansen (2010) discriminant function and the discriminant function generated in this study provided nearly identical results with disagreement in only one case. Height and weight were not statically significant in sex prediction. The results of this study show that data obtained from volume rendered postmortem CT images can be considered reliable and treated as a practical option to standard anthropological methods, especially in mass fatalities as a rapid triage tool for sex determination. 相似文献
139.
In three instances of suicidal poisoning by co-proxamol (paracetamol and dextropropoxyphene) blood samples were obtained from 11 sites together with eight tissue samples, bile, urine, gastric contents and duodenal contents. Site-dependent differences in blood propoxyphene concentration varied between the three cases but concentrations were consistently lowest in peripheral blood and highest in central sites: 3.9-5.5 (pulmonary vein) mg/l; 4.6-25 (pulmonary vein) mg/l; 3.2-40 (aorta) mg/l. There was a less than twofold variation in corresponding blood paracetamol concentrations. Reference data on fatal propoxyphene blood concentrations do not specify the blood sampling site and can be misleading. The intra-individual variability of propoxyphene concentrations in blood in these three cases underscores this problem. Tissue concentrations of propoxyphene showed considerable inter-individual variability in degree and pattern. Tissue concentrations of paracetamol showed a less than twofold intra-individual variation. Body drug loads were calculated by two methods: from organ weights and tissue concentrations; from published volume of distribution data (Vd). For paracetamol the body drug load is underestimated by the organ weight calculation but the Vd calculation approximates the suspected dose based on anamnestic information. For propoxyphene the body drug load is seriously underestimated by the organ weight calculation and overestimated up to 2.5 times by the Vd calculation. Since the two drugs have a fixed ratio in co-proxamol then the dose of propoxyphene (the effective lethal agent) can be inferred from the paracetamol dose calculated by Vd. This approach may be applicable to cases of overdose with other compounded drug preparations. 相似文献
140.