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121.
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Henry van Egteren R. Todd Smith Dean McAfee 《European Journal of Law and Economics》2004,17(2):139-164
In an environmental setting, we examine different forms of harmonization based on either strict liability or negligence assuming the firm is judgment proof. When there is competition in standard setting then negligence dominates strict liability if there is upward pressure on standards. This upward pressure on standards arises as jurisdictions attempt to raise negligence standards. The desire to raise standards is affected by the degree of judgment proofness. 相似文献
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Meryll Dean 《European Law Journal》2014,20(1):34-65
This article uses the thematic of humanitarian protection to examine the convergence of laws in Europe. It considers the heterogeneous architecture of the Refugee Convention and European Convention on Human Rights then analyses the homogenous framework of the EU's Common Asylum System and, in particular, the Qualification Directive. It argues that in an area where international, regional and national laws intersect, convergence needs to be underpinned by Member States adopting a common interpretative methodology that has international law at its core. Article 15 of the Qualification Directive (QD) is used to illustrate how this can be achieved. The article adds to the growing literature on the convergence of laws in Europe and illustrates the importance of adopting a common interpretative methodology. It suggests a paradigm for protection regimes around the world and a methodology that could be transplanted to other areas of law involving the intersection of international, regional and national laws. 相似文献
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Kerley KR Copes H Tewksbury R Dabney DA 《International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology》2011,55(8):1251-1271
The relationship between religiosity and crime has been the subject of much empirical debate and testing over the past 40 years. Some investigators have argued that observed relationships between religion and crime may be spurious because of self-control, arousal, or social control factors. The present study offers the first investigation of religiosity, self-control, and deviant behavior in the prison context. We use survey data from a sample of 208 recently paroled male inmates to test the impact of religiosity and self-control on prison deviance. The results indicate that two of the three measures of religiosity may be spurious predictors of prison deviance after accounting for self-control. Participation in religious services is the only measure of religiosity to significantly reduce the incidence of prison deviance when controlling for demographic factors, criminal history, and self-control. We conclude with implications for future studies of religiosity, self-control, and deviance in the prison context. 相似文献
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Marshall JW Dahlstrom DB Powley KD 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》2011,32(2):100-103
To satisfy the Criminal Code of Canada's definition of a firearm, a barreled weapon must be capable of causing serious bodily injury or death to a person. Canadian courts have accepted the forensically established criteria of "penetration or rupture of an eye" as serious bodily injury. The minimal velocity of nonconventional ammunition required to penetrate the eye including airsoft projectiles has yet to be established. To establish minimal threshold requirements for eye penetration, empirical tests were conducted using a variety of airsoft projectiles. Using the data obtained from these tests, and previous research using "air gun" projectiles, an "energy density" parameter was calculated for the minimum penetration threshold of an eye. Airsoft guns capable of achieving velocities in excess of 99 m/s (325 ft/s) using conventional 6-mm airsoft ammunition will satisfy the forensically established criteria of "serious bodily injury." The energy density parameter for typical 6-mm plastic airsoft projectiles is 4.3 to 4.8 J/cm2. This calculation also encompasses 4.5-mm steel BBs. 相似文献
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Magnuson ML Satzger RD Alcaraz A Brewer J Fetterolf D Harper M Hrynchuk R McNally MF Montgomery M Nottingham E Peterson J Rickenbach M Seidel JL Wolnik K;Laboratory Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 《Journal of forensic sciences》2012,57(3):636-642
Since the early 1990s, the FBI Laboratory has sponsored Scientific Working Groups to improve discipline practices and build consensus among the forensic community. The Scientific Working Group on the Forensic Analysis of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Terrorism developed guidance, contained in this document, on issues forensic laboratories encounter when accepting and analyzing unknown samples associated with chemical terrorism, including laboratory capabilities and analytical testing plans. In the context of forensic analysis of chemical terrorism, this guidance defines an unknown sample and addresses what constitutes definitive and tentative identification. Laboratory safety, reporting issues, and postreporting considerations are also discussed. Utilization of these guidelines, as part of planning for forensic analysis related to a chemical terrorism incident, may help avoid unfortunate consequences not only to the public but also to the laboratory personnel. 相似文献
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Breiner MJ Tuomisto L Bouyea E Gussak DE Aufderheide D 《International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology》2012,56(7):1124-1143
A training partnership was established with the Florida Department of Corrections in 2003, and over the ensuing years, art therapy graduate student interns from Florida State University's Graduate Art Therapy Program have been placed in local prisons at different times. Recently, the art therapy interns worked closely with the supervising psychologist in one prison to alleviate and redirect aggression by integrating cognitive-behavioral techniques with art therapy directives. The art therapy interns and the psychologist developed a curriculum using a combination of workbook exercises and art tasks to develop and increase the participants' anger management skills, the Art Therapy Anger Management Protocol. This article provides an overview of art therapy in prison, the cognitive-behavioral approach to anger management with prison inmates, and how art therapy was used to support this approach. Examples of completed art tasks designed to correspond with the workbook curriculum are presented. Overall, this article presents the successful collaboration between the psychologist and art therapists and demonstrates how they facilitated improvement in the participants' anger management skills through this program. 相似文献