Is cyberstalking different?

Abstract

Very little empirical work exists on cyberstalking. The current study analysed detailed questionnaires completed by 1051 self-defined stalking victims. Almost half (47.5%) reported harassment via the Internet, but only 7.2% of the sample was judged to have been cyberstalked. Ordinal regression analyses of four groups of victims, categorized according to degree of cyber involvement in their victimization, revealed a general picture of similarity between the groups in terms of the stalking process, responses to being stalked, and the effects on victims and third parties. It was concluded that cyberstalking does not fundamentally differ from traditional, proximal stalking, that online harassment does not necessarily hold broad appeal to stalkers, and that those who target ex-intimates remain the most populous stalker type.     

Youths who sexually harm: A multivariate model of behaviour

Abstract

This study investigates the variations in behaviour displayed by young people who sexually harm, as previous research has shown that they are not a homogeneous sample. Three conceptually distinct sets of behaviour were hypothesized, relating to various modes of interaction between the young people with harmful sexual behaviour (HSB) and their victim, victim as object, victim as person and victim as vehicle. Thirty-three behaviours were drawn from an extensive review of the files of 300 youths who had sexually harmed. The pattern of co-occurrence of the presence or absence of these behaviours was revealed by a multidimensional scaling procedure, Smallest Space Analysis (SSA). The results provide empirical support for three distinct behavioural themes; 258 (86%) of the youths could be assigned to one dominant mode of interaction (victim as object, victim as person or victim as vehicle). The findings have implications for the ways in which practitioners differentiate between young people with HSB.     

On a clear day you can see forever: Integrating values and skills in sex offender treatment

Abstract

The topic of sex offender rehabilitation frequently evokes fierce reactions, ranging from strident demands for harsher sentences contrasted with calls for more imaginative and compassionate sentencing options. There seems to be a polarization of positions centred on the question of offenders’ moral standing: are they moral strangers or fellow travellers? This fundamental disagreement about offenders’ moral status is at the core of a number of independent, although related current practice and research issues confronting the field, namely: (1) risk management versus strength-based treatment approaches; (2) the utility of utilizing individually tailored versus manual-based programmes for offenders; (3) focusing on the technical aspects or therapy as opposed to relationship and therapist factors (what has been called process issues); and (4) the conflict between protecting the community versus promoting the interests of offenders. In this paper I suggest that an approach to sex offender treatment based on a combination of human rights theory (an ethical resource) and strengths-based approaches can help us navigate our way through the above dilemmas in a way that addressees both the needs of offenders and those of the community.     

Victim age,attractiveness and,abuse history as factors in the perception of a hypothetical child sexual abuse case

Abstract

This study examines the effect of victim age, victim attractiveness, the victim's abuse history and respondent gender have on attributions of blame and credibility towards a female victim in a hypothetical child sexual abuse case. A total of 397 respondents from a community sample read a hypothetical child sexual abuse (CSA) scenario in which victim age, victim attractiveness and the victim's abuse history were manipulated. Respondents then completed a 16-item blame attribution questionnaire. Several predictions were made. First, a 10-year-old victim would be deemed less blameworthy and more credible than a 15-year-old victim. Secondly, an attractive victim would be viewed more positively, and attributed less blame, than an unattractive victim. Thirdly, a victim with previous history of being sexual abused—either by the same or different perpetrators—would be deemed more culpable for their own CSA than a first time victims. Finally, female respondents were expected to take a more pro-victim and anti-perpetrator stance than males. Whilst comparatively few differences were found across victim attractiveness and abuse history. Overall findings were broadly in line with predictions. It was concluded that victim age and respondent gender play particularly important roles in the attribution of blame towards victims and perpetrators of child sexual abuse.     

What do students really know about criminal justice?

This survey of three hundred and twenty undergraduate students attempted to determine their knowledge of crime and punishment in North Carolina. Respondents answered a series of open- and closed-ended questions regarding various legal topics, such as statutory rape and the legal ages for tobacco and alcohol use. The participants were also asked to list punishments for various offenses, such as possession of marijuana, driving while intoxicated, and rape. They were then asked to define certain legal terms such as larceny. The results indicated that most students were unable to provide correct corresponding punishments for many offenses. They were also unable to accurately define various legal terms, such as robbery or rape. The implications for stronger education in the area of criminal justice are discussed.     

Collaborative Behavior and the Performance of Government Agencies

ABSTRACT

While collaboration among individuals, work groups, and organizations is central for understanding the performance of public agencies, most studies have focused on collaboration between organizations or sectors. We develop a model that focuses on two types of collaborative behavior: between persons (both horizontal and vertical) and between work units. We empirically test our hypotheses using data on work collaboration and perceptions of public agency performance from the United States federal government. We introduce a method for estimating the impact of different types of collaborative behavior that also accounts for nonlinear effects and a dependent variable that takes ordered values. We find that intra-organizational collaborative behavior has a large impact on organizational performance and that horizontal collaborative behavior between workers has the greatest impact among the specific types.     

Which Institutions are Good for Your Health? The Deep Determinants of Comparative Cross-country Health Status

We extend the literature on the deep determinants of economic development by focusing on life expectancy, instead of income per capita, as an indicator of economic development, and by examining the role of informal, as well as formal, institutions. Our empirical results suggest that formal and informal institutions are substitutes. Improving informal institutions has positive effects on life expectancy that are statistically significant for most countries and stronger than the effects of improving formal institutions. The gains from improving informal institutions are greatest for countries in which institutions are weakest. Geographical factors also help explain cross-country variation in life expectancy.     

Problems of Northern Iraq

General

Public and Private. By Humphrey Trevelyan. London, Hamish Hamilton, 1980. Pp. viii + 199. Intro. Index. £8.95.

Tents. Architecture of the Nomads. By Torvald Faegre. London, John Murray, 1979. Pp. vi+167. Sources. Maps. Illus. Bibliog. £3.95 (paperback).

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. Translated from the Greek and edited by G. W. B. Huntingford. London, Hakluyt Society (Second Series No. 151), 1980 for 1976. Pp. xiv+225. Illus. Maps. Pref. Intro. Notes. Appendices. Bibliog. Indexes. £12.00 (hardback).

Middle East

Democracy and Development in Turkey. By C. H. Dodd. Beverley, N. Humber‐side, The Eothen Press, 1979. Pp. 231. Pref. Notes. Bibliog. Index. £4.95 (paperback).

Russia and Iran, 1780–1820. By Muriel Atkin. University of Minnesota Press, 1980. pp. xii+216. Pref. Maps. Notes. Bibliog. Index. $20.00 (hardback).

Pasture and Politics: Economics, conflict and ritual among Shahsevan nomads of northwestern Iran. By Richard Tapper. London, Academic Press, 1979. Pp. xvi+312. Illus. Index. Appendixes. Gloss. £17.00 (hardback).

South Asia

India's Rural Development; An Assessment of Alternatives. By Marcus Franda. Bloomingdale, Indiana University Press, 1980. Pp. xi+366. Pref. Notes. Index. £10.50 (hardback).

Land, Landlords, and the British Raj; Northern India in the Nineteenth Century. By Thomas R. Metcalf. Berkeley &; Los Angeles, California, University of California Press, 1979. Pp. xiv+436. Pref. Illus. Charts. Tables. Maps. Appendices. Gloss. Bibliog. Index. £13.50.

The Scope of Happiness; a Personal Memoir. By Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. London, Weidenfeld &; Nicolson, 1979. Pp. xvii+333. Foreword. Gloss. Index. £8.95 (hardback).

Planning for Industrialization: industrialization and trade policies since 1951. By Jagdish Bhagwati and Padma Desai. Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1980. Pp. xx+537. Pref. Tables. Bibliog. Index. £3.95 (paperback).

Race, Sex and Class under the Raj: Imperial Attitudes and Policies and their Critics, 1793–1905. By Kenneth Ballhatchet. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980. Pp. viii + 199. Pref. Intro. Illus. Notes. Bibliog. Gloss. Index. £9.50 (hardback).

USSR

The Russian Empire; A Portrait in Photographs. By Chloe Obolensky with an introduction by Max Hayward. London, Jonathan Cape, 1980. Pp. xvii+346. Pref. Intro. Illus. Note. £9.95 (hardback).

Shamanism in Siberia. Edited by V. Diószegi &; M. Hoppál. Translated from the Russian and Hungarian by S. Simon. Budapest, Akademiai Kiadó, 1978. Distributed by Collets in U.K. Pp. 532. Illus. Intro. Index. £26.60. (hardback).

Central Asia

Grosser Pamir (Osterreichisches Forschungsunternehmen 1975 in den Wakhan‐Pamir/Afghanistan). Herausgegeben von Roger Senarclens de Grancy und Robert Koska. Graz, Austria, Akademische Druck ‐ und Verlagsanstalt, 1978. Pp. 400. Index. Colour Illus. Line‐drawings. Maps. Bibliog.

South‐East Asia

ASEAN Economies in Perspective; A Comparative Study of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. By John Wong. London, The Macmillan Press, 1979. Pp. xii+217. Pref. Maps. Tables. Notes. Index. £8.95 (hardback) £3.95 (paperback).

Burmese Sit‐Tans 1764–1826: Records of Rural Life and Administration. By Frank N. Trager and William J. Koenig, with the assistance of Yi Yi. Translations by William J. Koenig. (The Association for Asian Studies: Monograph No. XXXVI.) Tucson, Arizona, the University Press of Arizona, 1979. Pp. xvii+440. Index. Appendix. Bibliog. $5.95.

Three Malay Villages; a Sociology of Paddy Growers in West Malaysia. Edited by Masuo Kuchiba, Yoshihiro Tsubouchi and Narifumi Maeda. Translated by Peter and Stephanie Hawkes. (Monographs of the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, English Language Series No. 14.) Honolulu, The University Press of Hawaii, 1980. Pp. xxii + 356. Maps, diagrams. Pref. Appendix. Bibliog. Index. $13.00 (paperback).

Perak, the Abode of Grace; A Study of an Eighteenth‐Century Malay State. By Barbara Watson Andaya. Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press, 1979. Pp. xviii+444. Intro. Maps. Tables. Appendices. Bibliog. Gloss. Index. £14.95.

A Stroll Through Borneo. By James Barclay. London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1980. Pp. 224. Intro. Gloss. £6.95.

Far East

Politics and Purges in China. By Frederick C. Teiwes. Folkestone, Kent, Dawson Publishing, 1979. Pp. xiii+730. Notes. Bibliog. Index. £15.00. (hardback).

Value Change in Chinese Society. Edited by R. W. Wilson, Amy Auerbacher and S. L. Greenblatt. New York and Eastbourne UK, Praeger Publishers, 1979. Pp. xiii+309. Pref. Tables. Figs. Gloss. Index. Bibliog. Refs. £14.00 (hardback).

The Medieval Japanese Daimyo; The Ouchi Family's Rule of Suo &; Nagato. By Peter Judd Arnesen. New Haven &; London, Yale University Press, 1979. Pp. 246. Bibliog. Index. Map. £11.00.

Old Madam Yin. A Memoir of Peking Life; 1926–1938. By Ida Pruitt. Stanford California, Stanford University Press. 1979. Pp. ix+129. Intro. Illus. $8.95 (hardback).

Japan; The Past in the Present. By R. S. Milward with an introduction by G. C. Allen. Tenterden, Kent, Paul Norbury Publications, 1980. Pp. xi + 132. Intro. Foreword. Index. £4.95 (hardback).

Medical Ethics in Imperial China. A Study in Historical Anthropology. By Paul U. Unschuld. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 1979. Pp. vii+141. Pref. Illus. Gloss. Bibliog. Index. £8.50.

Shorter Notices

Feminism and Socialism in China. By Elizabeth Croll. London, Boston and Henley‐on‐Thames, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980. Pp. xi+363. Acks. Intro. Notes. Index. £3.95 (paperback).

Scholars' Guide to Washington, D.D. for East Asian Students. By Hong M. Kim. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Pp. xiv + 413. Intro. Bibliog. Indexes. $ 19.95 (cloth) $ 8.95 (paper).     

Surveillance to Combat Terrorist Financing in Europe: Whose Liberty,Whose Security?

Abstract

This article analyses recent developments in the campaign to combat terrorist financing in Europe and questions the utility of financial surveillance as a method to counter terrorism. A background presentation of surveillance in modern society is followed by an overview of earlier international initiatives to interdict money laundering. The measures used to combat terrorist finance are built upon this foundation of surveillance and criminal investigation. Applying these measures in the ‘war on terror’ has unintended consequences for the financial transactions of citizens and non-citizens alike. The article concludes by considering these problems and their impact on society within the context of a larger concern for the impact to individual liberty from these surveillance practices in pursuit of security in the early twenty-first century.