How “institutionalization” can work. Structuring governance for digital transformation in Italy

Public policy scholars have recently focused on the mechanisms accounting for the sustainability of major policy changes. Among the strategies by which policy entrepreneurs may try to avoid future backlash institutionalization is certainly one of the most used. Yet, it can foster ossification and eventually jeopardize policy effectiveness. Such a potential trade-off between institutionalization and long-term effectiveness is particularly intense in policies concerning technological innovation because the necessity to create winning coalitions can undermine the required absorption capacity needed by government to engage the innovation ecosystems. This paper explores such a trade-off with a case study on the Italian policy for public sector's digital transformation. The case is theoretically promising because over three decades institutionalization has always represented the main overall strategy adopted by policymaker, but only the 2016 initiative emerged as a “success.” In this sense, the case study can focus on the mechanisms activated by policy entrepreneurs to trigger and entrench change.     

Thyroid Cartilage Ossification and Multislice Computed Tomography Examination: A Useful Tool for Age Assessment?

Abstract: Many authors have studied the thyroid cartilage ossification process using radiographic features for age estimation of individuals. Their results were various: Sugiyama reported excellent correlation coefficients between ossification rates and civil age, unlike most other authors. We hypothesized that recent advances in imaging techniques would enable more precise evaluation of the ossification of the thyroid cartilage. We retrospectively analyzed the CT scans of 312 French patients using postprocessing software to examine the pattern of thyroid cartilage ossification, calculating the ossified volume of the cartilage on 3D reconstructions. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for volume were 0.73 for men and 0.75 for women (standard error 18.02 and 17.06), indicating considerable inter‐individual variability. Although a correlation between civil age and morphological changes was found, these methods based on thyroid cartilage ossification were not accurate enough for the assessment of individual age.     

民事诉讼证明责任若干问题探讨

民事诉讼证明责任及其分配是民事诉讼中的重要理论,它不但关系到民事诉讼程序的有序进行,更关系到有关实体法立法宗旨的实现,是一个重要的研究课题。由于对证明责任的概念及其分配规则的理解有失偏颇,立法及司法实践中更缺乏细致且严谨的规定,因此,认真研究民事诉讼证明责任及其分配理论对于改革和完善我国的民事审判制度至关重要。     

环渤海区域合作中的法律冲突与协调

环渤海区域经济是在市场体制改革的大背景下建立起来的,但在环渤海区域合作进程中,区域矛盾冲突不断出现,在法制层面上主要表现为：一方面,由于实施行政区划而非经济区划致使各地区的政策法规不尽相同,引发地方保护;另一方面,原本作为指导和保障区域发展的市场规划和法律政策,在实施过程中被执行者所利用,成为其寻租的手段。因此,需要从由利益主体的权利和义务不对称、权力的市场化以及政绩的数字化导致的政策法律的制定与落实的冲突、市场经营主体与市场监管主体的冲突、行政干预与司法独立的冲突入手,从立法、执法、司法等角度剖析环渤海区域合作中的法律冲突,阐明建立法制协调机制的必要性及具体路径。     

突发事件中谣言的行政控制与法律控制

谣言历来是突发事件的伴生物,应充分认识谣言的成因及演变规律、负面效应及危害性。在充分尊重公民言论自由、放松信息规制、切实做到行政公开的前提下,可以合理运用行政手段和法律杠杆来控制谣言,最大程度地减少谣言带来的社会危害。     

Measuring horizontal fiscal imbalance: the case of Italian municipalities

In the literature on fiscal federalism, vertical fiscal imbalance has been widely studied, while the theme of horizontal fiscal imbalance and inequality among local governments, due to differences in their fiscal capacities, has been less explored. This article contributes to fill the gap. A new method to compute fiscal capacities based on regression analysis is proposed, which can overcome some of the drawbacks of traditional methods such as the representative tax system. This new approach is then employed to evaluate the fiscal capacities of Italian municipalities over the period 2002–2010. Finally two global measures of the horizontal fiscal imbalance are used to evaluate the equity implication of a major policy change occurred in 2008 in Italian municipal finance.     

改革开放与中国在世界贸易体制内的多边外交

改革开放以来,对外贸易在我国经济和社会发展中的地位日益上升,全方位参与多边经贸外交成为我国面临的一项重大课题。本文通过分析中国在关贸总协定和世界贸易组织所代表的世界贸易体制内的参与及发挥的影响力,对如何进一步发挥中国在该领域的建设性作用进行了展望。     

关于深化民主政治建设的思路

民主政治建设的水平要提高,建设思路也要进一步深化。这应包括:在坚持宏伟目标中进一步明确具体的现实方位,在讲求实效中更加注重对经济社会发展的作用,在遵循实体性民主中尤其突出程序性民主,在自上而下的方式中切实重视和推动基层创造,在充分尊重民意中不断延伸正确引导和法治规范,在循序渐进中确保迈出扎实的步伐,在强调稳定的前提中着眼于自主的动态稳定,在坚持"走自己的道路"中更积极借鉴国外的文明成果。     

乙型脑炎病毒E蛋白抗原表位E39特异性单克隆抗体的制备

为了制备乙型脑炎病毒E蛋白抗原表位特异性单克隆抗体,将编码乙型脑炎病毒E蛋白抗原表位E39的DNA序列进行人工合成,随后插入表达载体pGEX-6p-1的限制性酶切位点BarnH I与Xho I之间,构建了表位肽与GST的融合表达质粒.该表位融合蛋白经亲和层析纯化后免疫BALB/c小鼠,按常规方法进行细胞融合.以化学合成的E39表位多肽为抗原,对融合细胞上清进行间接ELISA筛选.结果,筛选出1株分泌E39表位特异性抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,该杂交瘤细胞分泌抗体能力稳定.经鉴定,该单克隆抗体亚型为IgG2b,轻链类型为k链.结果表明,用表位融合蛋白为抗原可以制备表位特异性单克隆抗体.     

猪IFN-γ基因的融合表达及其表达产物的生物学特性

依照猪IFN-γ(pIFN-γ)成熟蛋白基因序列设计引物,将已扩增的pIFN-γ基因克隆至原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1中,构建了GST-pIFN-γ融合表达载体,该载体转化宿主菌BL21后用IPTG进行诱导表达并对诱导表达条件进行了筛选和优化,筛选出最佳诱导表达条件后大量诱导表达,可溶性的表达产物经GST琼脂糖凝胶亲和纯化;包涵体经DOC洗涤、SKL变性溶解、透析复性进行纯化.经SDS-PAGE和Western-blot分析,证实得到了高纯度的融合蛋白,该蛋白的分子质量为42ku.选择FMDV和PRV两种不同的病毒(RNA病毒和DNA病毒)进行GST-pIFN-γ抗病毒活性测定.结果表明,GST-pIFN-γ融合蛋白可有效抑制这两种病毒引起的细胞病变,其对FMDV的抑制作用远远大于对PRV的抑制.对GST-pIFN-γ融合蛋白的稳定性及机体毒副作用的研究表明,该pIFN-γ的稳定性有较大提高,而毒副作用大大降低.