Managing generic competition and patent strategies in the pharmaceutical industry

Legal context: The income streams of originating pharmaceutical manufacturersare under pressure as never before, from increasing R&Dcosts, regulatory pressures, and competition from generic manufacturers.This article examines the various strategies which originatingpharmaceutical manufacturers have adopted in response to thesethreats. Key points: The authors consider various strategies, including SupplementaryProtection Certificates, life-cycle management (‘evergreening’),second pharmaceutical use claims, trade marks, and the use ofdata exclusivity and interim injunctions, in order to prolongthe protection given to existing products, and to manage competitionfrom generic manufacturers. Practical significance: The authors also include two real-life case studies in orderto illustrate the practical applications of the strategies discussedin the article.     

美国高等教育面临的挑战及未来发展趋势——在国家教育行政学院的演讲

美国有四千多所院校,这些院校有着几种不同的架构,比如研究型大学、文理学院、综合性大学、公立大学、私立大学等,这体现了美国高等教育机构的多样性.太平洋大学是一所私立的、四年制、全国性的研究型大学,连续被美国新闻与世界报告列入全美100强大学之中.太平洋大学重视国际合作,特别是与中国的合作.美国高等教育面临的挑战及新的发展趋势:"非主流"学生增加;盈利性高校兴起;学生群体发生变化;高校越来越重视认证和评估;联邦研究基金大幅削减.     

Effects of Public Opinion and Political System Characteristics on State Policy Outputs

Rather than competing with socioeconomic variables as directdeterminants of state policy, political system characteristicsmay operate as mediating factors that either facilitate or impedethe translation of constituency preferences into policy. Inthis study, the state opinion liberalism index presented byGerald Wright, Robert Erikson, and John Mclver is incorporatedin multiplicative regression models as a measure of citizenpreferences to address this theoretical reformulation. Althoughpervasive empirical corroboration is not found for the reconceptualizedrole for political variables, political system characteristicsdo demonstrate significant effects on state policy. In addition,suggesting that public officials responddirectly to citizenpreferences, evidence ispresentedon democratic representationwithin the states.