Fatal mephenesin intoxication

This report describes a death related to the abuse of and intoxication by mephenesin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report case of lethal intoxication involving solely mephenesin and reporting mephenesin blood concentrations. The victim was a 48-year-old woman found unconscious at home. Resuscitation was unsuccessful. Toxicological analysis was performed on a blood sample collected during resuscitation. The results being negative, the body was exhumed for an autopsy, which revealed bronchial inhalation syndrome. Analysis in a second laboratory has revealed the presence of mephenesin in samples collected during autopsy. No other drug/toxin was found, and alcohol was negative. Reanalysis of the peripheral blood collected during resuscitation found a mephenesin concentration of 15.81 microg/mL (15-fold greater that the maximum concentration that would result from a single intake of a 500 mg formulation). The pathologist has concluded on a bronchial inhalation syndrome consecutive to a mephenesin overdose as the cause of death. The manner of this death is discussed in the light of the toxicological hair analysis and the medical past of the victim.     

Acculturation stress, drinking, and intimate partner violence among Hispanic couples in the U.S

This article examines the cross-sectional association between acculturation, acculturation stress, drinking, and intimate partner violence (IPV) among Hispanic couples in the U.S. The data being analyzed come from a multicluster random household sample of couples interviewed as part of the second wave of a 5-year national longitudinal study. The overall survey response rate for the second wave is 72%. Participants are Hispanic couples 18 years of age or older (N = 387). Results show that, among men, lower acculturation is positively associated with higher acculturation stress, which is directly related to a greater likelihood of involvement in IPV. These associations are also present among women. However, data for women show an additional path linking higher levels of acculturation directly to IPV. Drinking is not associated with IPV, independent of gender. Acculturation, directly or through acculturation stress, increases the likelihood of IPV.     

From population- to subject-based limits of T/E ratio to detect testosterone abuse in elite sports

In elite sports, indirect testing of testosterone abuse is mainly based on the testosterone over epitestosterone (T/E) ratio. Since this marker is characterized by a small ratio of intra- to inter-individual variation, it is surprising that current anti-doping strategy uses a screening test based on a population-based limit. From a database of more than 15,000 steroid profiles obtained from routine controls, the collection of steroids profiles of 11 elite athletes followed during 2 years, and a longitudinal study involving 17 amateur athletes, 8 of which were orally administrated testosterone undecanoate pills, we selected 12 case studies to represent the possible scenarios to which the anti-doping laboratories are confronted. Various detection strategies at the disposal of the laboratories are employed and discussed, including isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) analysis and a Bayesian interpretation of the T/E-time profile. The weak sensitivity versus specificity relation of a population-based limit for the T/E ratio is outlined. As a result, we propose a Bayesian screening test whose T/E threshold progressively evolves from a population basis to a subject basis as the number of individual test results increases. We found that this screening test heightens drastically the capacity to detect testosterone abuse, at no additional financial and administrative expenses for anti-doping authorities.     

L‘Éthique dans la Fonction publique: un essai de théorie générale

Sommaire. La simple évocation de I'idée de Service public nous conduit à un certain nombre de considérations qui auront valeur de principes directeurs. 1/ La logique même du Service public comporte un impératif de continuité, de permanence, de fonctionnement sans défaillance dans la poursuite des objectifs que s'est défini le corps social par ses représentants officiels. 2/ Le Service public s'inscrit dans une structure constitutionnelle qui définit le type de rapport qui doit exister entre le Parlement, le Gouvemement et les fonctionnaires. 3/ Le Service public dans le régime politique qui est le nôtre est le service d'une clientèle, la collectivité nationale, qui se trouve àêtre en dernière analyse le grand patron de I'entreprise: les principes d'rigalitC de tous devant le Service public, d'égalité devant les charges publiques, exigeront que dans ses rapports avec les administrés, le fonctionnaire ait un type de comportement bien carac-térisé. Ces principes directeurs vont influencer directement les régles de comporternent des agents publics ou ce que nous appellerons le code d'éthique dans la Fonction publique et lui donneront une « personnalité» différente de celui qui régit normalement les employés de l'entreprise privée. L'auteur analyse les conséquences de l'application de ces trois principes en faisant l'étude des règles appliquées actuellement au Québec et aussi au Fédéral. II procède à une étude fouillée du récent réglement québécois sur l'éthique et la discipline dans la Fonction publique en ne négligeant pas les règles et principes non écrits de même que le Décret fédéral du 18 décembre 1973 sur les conflits d'intérêts. Dans une première section il étudie surtout le délicat probléme de l'ordonnance hiérarchique. La deuxieme section est principalement consacrée a l'étude des secrets ou de la discrétion professionnelle du fonctionnaire et à l'obligation de réserve en matihre politique; la troisiéme section traite du devoir dintégrité et des conflits d'intérêts. L'auteur traite dans sa conclusion des avantages que comporte une codification. Cet article est conçu dam la ligne tracée par l'ouvrage que Me Garant publiait en 1973 (voir la recension bibliographique de J.I. Gow dans la dernière volume, p. 506). Abstract. The mere mention of the civil service concept brings to mind a number of points which will serve as guidelines. 1/ The very nature of the civil service implies continuity, permanence, and unfailing dedication to the goals set by society, through its official representatives. 2/ The civil service exists within a constitutional structure, which defines the relationship between Parliament, government, and the civil servant. 3/ The civil service, in our political system, caters to a clientele, the national community, which, in the final analysis, runs the show: the principles of equality before the public service and of equal public responsibility require of the civil servant a certain attitude towards the public. These guidelines will influence the rules applicable to the behavior of public agents, commonly called the civil service code of ethics, and will give it a character quite different from that prevalent in the private sector. The author analyses the consequences of the implementation of these principles by studying the rules presently applied in Quebec and by the federal government. He studies in depth the recently developed Quebec guideline on ethics and discipline in the civil service, including unwritten rules and principles, as well as the federal decree of 18 December 1973 on conflicts of interest. In the first part he considers in particular the delicate problem of hierarchical order, and, in the second, the question of confidentiality in the civil service and the need for restraint in political matters. The third part deals with the need for personal integrity and with conflicts of interest. Finally, the author considers the advantages of coding. This article has been written in accordance with the concept set forth by Mr Garant in a book published in 1973 (see the review by J.I. Cow in the last volume, p. 506).     

Taxing the tempted: Personal addictions,sustainable revenues and the public good

The regulation of gaming, tobacco and alcohol is challenged by new realities. First, fewer people are convinced that government regulation of these indulgences is consistent with a rights‐based society. Second, while provincial budgets have continued to climb, the revenues drawn from “sin taxes” (excise taxes from tobacco and alcohol and revenues from gambling) have declined as a proportion of total revenues. As a result, these taxes will not cover the important social and health care costs triggered by the new permissiveness. This study contributes to budget theory by examining the changing policy landscape and sheds light on how Canadian provinces in particular have attempted to balance individual rights, social oversight and provincial revenues. It concludes by speculating on other addictive products that could soon be framed as worthy of taxation.     

Crowdsourcing as a new instrument in the government's arsenal: Explorations and considerations

Governments have made strides in “crowdsourcing” yet the concept has not been defined as a tool in either policy‐making or in delivering services. The article identifies different forms of crowdsourcing and argues that existing taxonomies for governing instruments insufficiently account for crowdsourcing as a strategic tool in its arsenal. Focusing on the most important types of crowdsourcing drawn from the federal, provincial and municipal levels, it explores the limits of crowdsourcing and issues it raises for governance and administration. The cases reveal how crowdsourcing can help the state meet needs by activating crowds into accomplishing tasks. Using crowds is more than a procedural novelty: it opens new venues for direct contact between the state and citizens that can affect the force and direction of decision making.