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951.
Although voluminous research connects the neo-Kantian triad—democracy, economic interdependence, and intergovernmental organization membership—to amelioration of conflict processes, comparatively little is known about how these factors relate to economic coercion. We advance the relevant literature on neo-Kantianism and the determinants of sanction decisions by (1) analyzing the impact of all three neo-Kantian factors on economic coercion and (2) assessing the effects of these factors across both the onset of threat and imposition of sanctions. Results from the time-series, cross-national data analyses indicate a significant but complex connection between the neo-Kantian variables and sanctions. Specifically, we find that although democratic regimes are less likely to threaten each other with sanctions, once a threat is made, democracies are more likely to impose sanctions against each other. Economic interdependence and common IGO membership are likely to increase the probability of sanction threats. Yet, the results also suggest that common IGO membership decreases the probability of sanction imposition while economic interdependence has no statistically significant effect on the decision to impose sanctions. Overall, these results highlight the importance of a more nuanced study of sanction decisions for a better understanding of the factors that lead to sanction use. 相似文献
952.
Patrick Tomlin 《Law and Philosophy》2014,33(5):655-682
Retributivists believe that punishment can be deserved, and that deserved punishment is intrinsically good or important. They also believe that certain crimes deserve certain quantities of punishment. On the plausible assumption that the overall amount of any given punishment is a function of its severity and duration, we might think that retributivists (qua retributivists) would be indifferent as to whether a punishment were long and light or short and sharp, provided the offender gets the overall amount of punishment he deserves. In this paper I argue against this, showing that retributivists should actually prefer shorter and more severe punishments to longer, gentler options. I show this by focusing on, and developing a series of interpretations of, the retributivist claim that not punishing the guilty is bad, focusing on the relationship between that badness and time. I then show that each interpretation leads to a preference for shorter over longer punishment. 相似文献
953.
Brian A. Chopko Patrick A. Palmieri Vanessa C. Facemire 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2014,29(1):1-9
Police officers have often been reported to experience high rates of suicide compared to the general population. Suicidal ideation (SI) is considered a strong predictor of suicidal acts. However, few studies have examined SI in U.S. law enforcement officers. This study investigated the prevalence of SI and the association between SI and amount of subjective work-related traumatic stress, personal relationship stress, work-related but non-traumatic stress, age, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, alcohol use, and posttraumatic growth among law enforcement officers (N?=?193) from a Midwestern state. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that greater depression symptoms significantly predicted greater SI among officers. 相似文献
954.
955.
Scott D. Easton Carol Coohey Patrick O’leary Ying Zhang Lei Hua 《Journal of family violence》2011,26(1):41-50
The study examined whether and how characteristics of childhood sexual abuse and disclosure influenced three dimensions of
psychosexual functioning—emotional, behavioral and evaluative—during adulthood. The sample included 165 adults who were sexually
abused as children. The General Estimating Equation was used to test the relationship among the predictors, moderators and
five binary outcomes: fear of sex and guilt during sex (emotional dimension), problems with touch and problems with sexual
arousal (behavioral), and sexual satisfaction (evaluative). Respondents who were older when they were first abused, injured,
had more than one abuser, said the abuse was incest, and told someone about the abuse were more likely to experience problems
in at least one area of psychosexual functioning. Older children who told were more likely than younger children who told
to fear sex and have problems with touch during adulthood. Researchers and practitioners should consider examining multiple
dimensions of psychosexual functioning and potential moderators, such as response to disclosure. 相似文献
956.
Purpose
Two competing theories explain the link between past and future criminal behavior: population heterogeneity and state dependence. Actuarial models of risk prediction emphasize static variables, akin to population heterogeneity. State dependence, has never been tested with similar populations.Methods
Using survival modeling this study examines both population heterogeneity and state dependence using a sample of adult sex offenders incarcerated in Quebec, Canada from 1994-2000. Analyses were conducted on offenders age 36 and over (n = 242). Official criminal activity was measured at: (a) 18-23 years; (b) 24-29 years; (c) 30-35 years; and, (d) 36 + years.Results
Cox proportional hazards modeling shows stronger evidence for state dependence, suggesting changeability in risk over time.Conclusions
Support was found for both offending continuity and discontinuity, or a mixed model of offending. Current actuarial risk assessment tools for adult sex offenders do not accommodate for the inclusion of state dependent and life-course processes, which could have implications for the potential overestimation of offender risk. 相似文献957.
Zwar kommt der Eigentümergemeinschaft iSd § 4 Abs 1 WEG auch im Altmietverh?ltnis keine Vermieterposition zu, doch ist sie
– und nicht etwa der einzelne Wohnungseigentümer – Vertragspartner hinsichtlich der Aufwendungen iSd § 21 Abs 1 MRG (hier:
betreffend einen Hausbesorger). "Vom Vermieter aufgewendete Kosten" iSd § 21 Abs 1 MRG sind notwendigerweise die von der Eigentümergemeinschaft
als Wohnungseigentümergesamtheit aufgewendete Kosten für den Betrieb des Hauses insoweit und in jenem Ausma?, als sie auf
den Mieter des einzelnen Wohnungseigentümers nach den allein ma?geblichen Bestimmungen des MRG überw?lzt werden dürfen. Auch
der einzelne Wohnungseigentümer ist Teil der Eigentümergemeinschaft und wird von dieser in Verwaltungsangelegenheiten repr?sentiert.
Die Betriebskosten müssten nicht erst von der Eigentümergemeinschaft auf die einzelnen Wohnungseigentümer überbunden werden,
damit sie jenen als "aufgewendet" iSd § 21 Abs 1 MRG zuzurechnen w?ren. Ein neuer Fristenlauf für die Pr?klusion nach § 21
Abs 3 Satz 4 MRG wird dadurch nicht in Gang gesetzt. 相似文献
958.
Megan E. Patrick Nicole Morgan Jennifer L. Maggs Eva S. Lefkowitz 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(1):108-120
Behaviors that pose threats to safety and health, including binge drinking and unprotected sex, increase during a week-long
break from university. Understandings with peers regarding these behaviors may be important for predicting behavior and related
harms. College students (N = 651; 48% men) reported having understandings with their friends regarding alcohol use (59%) and sexual behavior (45%) during
Spring Break. These understandings were to engage in behaviors characterized by risk (e.g., get drunk [23.5%], have sex with
someone new [5.2%]) and protection (e.g., drink without getting drunk [17.8%], use condoms [15.8%]). After controlling for
previous semester behavior and going on a Spring Break trip, Get Drunk Understandings predicted a greater likelihood of binge
drinking and alcohol-related consequences; No/Safe Sex Understandings predicted condom use; and Sex Understandings predicted
not using condoms. Understandings with friends regarding Spring Break behavior may be important proximal predictors of risk
behaviors and represent potential targets for event-specific prevention. 相似文献
959.
Sweden is no longer a negative, exceptional case regarding the presence of radical right‐wing populist parties. The Sweden Democrats has continually grown stronger, and in 2010 they won seats in the Swedish parliament. However, their electoral support varies considerably across Sweden. This study analyses their electoral support in 290 Swedish municipalities in order to explain this variance. Support is found for the social marginality hypothesis: electoral support for the Sweden Democrats tends to be negatively correlated with the average level of education and with the Gross Regional Product per capita, and positively correlated with the unemployment rate. The ethnic competition hypothesis, that there is a positive correlation between the proportion of immigrants and electoral support of the Sweden Democrats, is also supported. 相似文献
960.
Peter Hamburger Bronwyn Stevens Patrick Weller 《Australian Journal of Public Administration》2011,70(4):377-390
For the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (PM&C) the year 1987 can now be seen as pivotal in marking a clear end to a period of transition in coordinating structures in the Australian Public Service (APS) that had lasted roughly 20 years. The abolition in 1987 of the Public Service Board, formerly a powerful coordinating agency, is the most obvious marker of the change. The PSB's departure left the Secretary of PM&C with a role that is now often described as ‘head of the public service’. More broadly, the 1987 changes to the machinery of government both formalised and enabled a sea‐change in PM&C's role. Before 1987 a large policy initiation and development project would usually have been considered as beyond PM&C's scope. Since then, extensive and direct policy development work by PM&C has become common. The continuing debates have been over whether PM&C actually delivers in these roles (an empirical question) and how far it should play them (a normative issue). In this article we itemise the capacity, both continuing and developing, which PM&C has to support policy development. Traditional coordination mechanisms are an important part of this armoury and PM&C has long experience of most of them. However policy initiation and development calls for other tools which PM&C has had to develop over the past few decades. There is scope for conflict between the coordination and initiation/development roles. Understanding how a central agency like PM&C carries out each of them and balances the two can potentially contribute to debates on organisational design. We also address the normative issue: whether the growth of prime ministerial impact is a result of an increase in public service support or a cause of its increase ( Walter and Strangio 2007 ) and whether it should be restrained. We accept that the new developments give prime ministers the capacity to oversee policy arenas where once they could not, but regard this as a consequence as much of demand from above as of ambition within the department. 相似文献