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881.
Anna Stewart Hennessey Hayes Michael Livingston Gerard Palk 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2008,4(4):357-380
Restorative justice conferencing for young offenders is firmly established in Australian juvenile justice, and legislated
conferencing schemes are operating in all Australian states and territories. While there is some variation in the terms used
to describe restorative justice conferences (e.g., family group conferencing, family conferencing, or youth justice conferencing),
there is much more consistency in how the conferencing process is managed across Australian jurisdictions. In Queensland youth
justice conferencing is a process that brings together an offender, the victim and their supporters to discuss the harm caused
by the offending behaviour and provide the young person with an opportunity to take responsibility for his or her behaviour
and make amends. This paper begins by briefly sketching the development of restorative justice conferencing in Queensland
and describes the Juvenile Justice Simulation Model (JJSM), a micro-simulation model developed for criminal justice policy
analysis in Queensland, Australia. We use this micro-simulation model to conduct an experimental exploration of the effects
that youth justice conferencing has on system-wide outcomes for indigenous young people. The model simulates the impact of
interventions up until 2011 on the number of finalised youth justice court appearances. Our results indicate that youth justice
conferencing is unlikely to reduce the over-representation of indigenous young people in the juvenile justice system. The
simulations demonstrated that, by the 2011, youth justice conferencing would result in a 12.5% decrease in finalised court
appearances. Unfortunately, this decrease was more apparent for non-indigenous young people (13.7% decrease in court appearances)
than for indigenous young people, who had a 10.5% decrease in court appearances. This differential impact of conferencing
is due to the different court appearance profiles between indigenous and non-indigenous young offenders, with indigenous young
people initiating offending at an earlier age and offending more frequently than non-indigenous young offenders. 相似文献
882.
Paul Foley 《Public administration》1998,77(4):809-836
Since their introduction in 1984 Challenge funds have been widely adopted by central government. They are now used by twelve government departments to distribute competitively more than £3,250 million of Exchequer funds. The introduction of Challenge funds appears to have been politically driven, usually focusing on the objectives of cost and efficiency rather than quality and equity. They represent a further manifestation of the introduction of competition and 'market style' structures. This paper examines the key features of 41 Challenge funds and their operational characteristics. Numerous benefits, such as cost savings and innovation, arising from the introduction of Challenge funds have been put forward. By reviewing other studies, which have investigated the impact of the introduction of competition in producer and consumer markets, and through comparison with previous schemes it is possible to examine the potential impact of Challenge funds. Administrative and monitoring mechanisms are found to be centralizing control, despite assertions to the contrary. There is a growing concern that the level of information collection required is too arduous and it is used to control and regulate schemes rather than as a method of investigating where operations could be improved. Leverage from Challenge funds has been no more successful than earlier non-competitive initiatives. Competitive bidding could stifle innovation and participatory democracy is not encouraged or facilitated by Challenge funds. 相似文献
883.
884.
885.
In this study, we examined the role of dispositional optimism in mediating distress among students who experienced traumatic
events, including child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. Participants included 199 undergraduate and graduate
students (aged 18–63 years) from a private university in Oregon. In this study, dispositional optimism partially mediated
distress among individuals who had experienced child physical abuse and child emotional abuse; participants with higher levels
of optimism had lower levels of distress. In addition, dispositional optimism fully mediated distress among individuals who
had experienced traumatic events such as rape, assault, and fire; participants with higher levels of optimism had lower levels
of distress. Contrary to prediction, the experience of child sexual abuse was not associated with distress. Clinical implications
of these results are addressed. 相似文献
886.
887.
Marianne Wade Paul Smit Bruno Aubusson de Cavarlay 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2008,14(2-3):133-143
This article explores the role played by prosecutors during the court stage of criminal proceedings. It complements Peter et al.’s chapter on negotiated case settlements in showing how the power to decide cases is divided between judges and prosecutors when cases are taken to court. Providing information as to, e.g. what influence prosecutors in the 11 study countries have on what evidence is brought to court in “normal” and accelerated court proceedings, this chapter explores the balance of responsibilities in court rooms across Europe. 相似文献
888.
889.
We consider two important notes on optimal law enforcement with corruption. First, we analyze the role of asymmetric information
on the emergence of collusion between criminals and enforcers. Second, our paper proposes that the optimal criminal sanction
for the underlying offense is not necessarily maximal. We achieve this result by coupling the criminal sanction for the underlying
offense with a criminal sanction for corruption, both imposed on offenders. A higher criminal sanction for the underlying
offense implies that the government must spend more resources to detect and punish corruption (since the likelihood of collusion
increases). Thus, the government could reduce this sanction, save on detection, and increase the criminal sanction for corruption
(in order to offset the negative effect on deterrence).
We are grateful to Mitch Polinsky and two anonymous referees for helpful suggestions. The usual disclaimers apply. 相似文献
890.
Kristjan Kask Ray Bull Indrek Heinla Graham Davies 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2007,22(2):77-83
This study examines whether or not using a person as a standard/comparison improves the ability of a child witness to provide
more accurate detail about a previously observed person. Study participants included 135 children who observed a male stranger
and were then later asked to describe and answer various questions about that person using a third-person standard/comparison.
Despite the fact that one-half of participants were exposed to a standard/comparison, neither participants’ gender or exposure
to the standard/comparison improved recollection outcomes. However, the gender of the standard/comparisons - especially where
female - did have a significant effect on the recall ability of male participants. 相似文献